Arch Linux on a VPS

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• Comprehensive Server Guide

翻譯狀態：

• 本文（或部分內容）是 Virtual_Private_Server 的翻譯，最近一次同步的日期是 2015-1-19，如果英文版本有所更改，則您可以幫助同步翻譯更改的內容。
• 您可以在ArchWiki 的對應頁面找到本文翻譯的原始編輯記錄和貢獻者列表。

摘自 Wikipedia:Virtual private server:

Virtual private server (VPS) is a term used by Internet hosting services to refer to a virtual machine. The term is used for emphasizing that the virtual machine, although running in software on the same physical computer as other customers' virtual machines, is in many respects functionally equivalent to a separate physical computer, is dedicated to the individual customer's needs, has the privacy of a separate physical computer, and can be configured to run server software.

本文主要討論Arch Linux在VPS方面的應用, 並且包括了一些VPS的詳細的安裝於維護的指南.

警告： systemd從版本205開始就不再支持Linux 2.6.32了(system-212或更高的版本也不行). 因為很多基於容器的虛擬環境依賴較老版本的內核, 在這樣的環境下想要保證Arch Linux 隨時都是最新版本是不現實的. 然而截止kernel build 042stab094.7^{[失效連結 2020-08-02 ⓘ]}, OpenVZ已經對 CLOCK_BOOTTIME 特性進行了backport, 並且現在他可以和最新的systemd一起正常運行.

支持Arch Linux的提供商

警告： 我們無法為提供商的質量與誠信做擔保. 請在下訂單前自行進行調查.

注意： 這個列表只列出了那些提供便捷的Arch Linux模板的提供商. 在其他提供商的環境中試用Arch Linux仍然是可行的, 只是相比之下需要更多的工作. 比如我們可以加載自定義的光盤映像 (這需要硬件層面的虛擬化, 比如Xen or KVM), installing under chroot, 或者 using rsync to synchronize Arch over the top of another distribution.

提供商名	Arch 版本	虛擬化環境	地理地點	注意事項
A MilesWeb VPS[失效連結 2020-12-19 ⓘ]	2013.10.14	OpenVZ	歐洲, 印度, 美利堅	Latest Arch Linux available on OpenVZ platform. Quick setup, 24/7 support via Live Chat, Email and Phone. VPS starts from $20 / mo
123 Systems	2010.05.xx	OpenVZ	達拉斯, 美國-德克薩斯	Arch available as a selection upon reinstall. Very old (2.6.18-308) kernel - See OpenVZ troubleshooting[損壞的連結：無效的章節]. Limited information available before purchase. Cannot verify Arch Linux version without purchase.
AUSWEB	一律最新 (啥?)	VMware ESXi	悉尼, 澳大利亞	Latest ISO (clarify?) of Arch Available. Enterprise Service.
affinity.net.nz	2013.08.01	KVM	奧克蘭, 新西蘭	IRC channel is #affinity on ircs.kiwicon.org
Afterburst	2012.12.01	OpenVZ	邁阿密, 美國-佛羅裡達; 紐倫堡, 德國	Formerly FanaticalVPS, kernel version depends on what node your VPS is on, the ones in Miami are fine (2.6.32-042stab072.10) but some of the ones in Germany require a custom glibc[損壞的連結：無效的章節].
BuyVM	2013.07.01	KVM	洛杉磯, 水牛城 紐約	Must chose a different OS at sign up. Once accessible, choose to mount the latest Arch ISO and reboot to install manually.
Edis[失效連結 2020-08-02 ⓘ]	2013.03.01[失效連結 2020-08-02 ⓘ]	vServer, KVM, OpenVZ	大量國際節點[失效連結 2020-08-02 ⓘ].	Also offer dedicated server options as well as an "off-shore" location at the Isle of Man (IM).
DirectVPS	2014.01.xx	OpenVZ	阿姆斯特丹, 荷蘭; 洛特丹, 荷蘭	Dutch language site. Version verifyable by clicking through https://www.directvps.nl/try-1.plp?p=31[失效連結 2021-05-09 ⓘ]
Gandi	2013.10.27	Xen	巴黎, 法國; 巴爾地摩, 馬裡蘭, 美國; 比森, 盧森堡	Very granular scaling of system resources (e.g. RAM, disk space); IPv6-only option available; you can supply your own install image, version based on keyring package version
GigaTux	2013.06.01	Xen	芝加哥, 美國-伊利諾伊; 法蘭克福, 德國, 倫敦, 大不列顛; 聖瓊斯, 美國-加州
Host Virtual	2011.08.19[失效連結 2020-08-02 ⓘ]	KVM	大量國際節點[失效連結 2020-08-02 ⓘ]	Appears to use KVM virtualization. Site lists "Xen based virtualization" and features[失效連結 2020-08-02 ⓘ] lists ability to install from ISO.
Hostigation	2010.05 i686[失效連結 2020-12-19 ⓘ]	OpenVZ, KVM	夏洛特, 美國-北卡; 洛杉磯, 美國-加州	You can migrate to x86_64.
IntoVPS	2012.09.xx	OpenVZ	阿姆斯特丹, 荷蘭; 布加列斯特, 羅馬尼亞; 達拉斯, 美國-德克薩斯; 費利蒙, 美國-加州; 倫敦, 大不列顛	Blog has not been updated since September, 2012 which included the Arch Linux update.
Leapswitch Networks	[2013.10.xx]	OpenVZ/KVM	美利堅, 印度, 葡萄牙, 西班牙, 烏克蘭, 德國	ArchLinux currently available in Control Panel for reinstall, not on order form.
Linode.com[失效連結 2021-05-09 ⓘ]	2013.06.xx[失效連結 2020-12-19 ⓘ]	Xen	東京, 日本; 美國; 倫敦, 大不列顛	To run a custom kernel, install linux-linodeAUR. (linux包 will break on a 32-bit Linode.)
LYLIX	2014.01.xx[失效連結 2021-05-09 ⓘ]	OpenVZ	美利堅; 歐洲	32-bit and 64-bit available
Node Deploy	2014.10.01	OpenVZ, KVM	德國; 洛杉磯, 美國-加州; 亞特蘭大, 美國-佐治亞; 鳳凰城, 美國-亞利桑那	"At NodeDeploy we support virtually every linux distribution." Arch Linux is listed under their Operating Systems. No version information.
Netcup	2012.11.xx	KVM	德國	German language site.
OnePoundWebHosting	2013.05.xx	Xen PV, Xen HVM	英國	They are a registrar too. Unable to verify server locations.
proPlay.de	2012.12.xx	OpenVZ, KVM	德國	German language site.
QuickVZ[失效連結 2020-08-02 ⓘ]	2013.10	OpenVZ, Xen	阿姆斯特丹, 荷蘭; 斯德哥爾摩, 瑞典	Provide hardened Arch Linux images along with Enterprise services (e,g. VPN, Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) and Virtual Routers.
Rackspace Cloud[失效連結 2020-12-19 ⓘ]	2013.6	Xen	大量國際節點[失效連結 2020-12-19 ⓘ]	Billed per hour. Use their "next gen" VPSes (using the mycloud.rackspace.com panel); the Arch image on the first gen Rackspace VPSes is out of date.
RamHost.us	2013.05.01	OpenVZ, KVM	洛杉磯, 美國-加州; 大不列顛; 亞特蘭大, 美國-佐治亞; 德國	You can request a newer ISO on RamHost's IRC network.
RamNode	2013.07.01	SSD and SSD Cached: OpenVZ, KVM	西雅圖, 華盛頓 美國, 亞特蘭大, 佐治亞 美國	You can request Host/CPU passthrough with KVM service.[1] Frequent use of discount promotions.[2]
Tilaa	2014.10.01	KVM[失效連結 2020-08-02 ⓘ]	阿姆斯特丹, 荷蘭	English or Dutch language site.
TransIP	2013.05.01[失效連結 2020-08-02 ⓘ]	KVM	阿姆斯特丹, 荷蘭	English language site. Registrar.
XenVZ	2009.12.07	OpenVZ, Xen	英國, 美利堅	Hardware
Virpus	2014.11.07	Xen	堪薩斯城, 美國-堪薩斯; 洛杉磯, 美國-加州	A subcompany of Wow Technologies, Inc. 24/7 support via Live Chat, Email, Phone, and Ticket System. Service starts at $5/month.
Vmline	2013.09.01	KVM, OpenVZ	克拉科夫, 波蘭	S-Net[失效連結 2021-11-07 ⓘ] reseller. Full virtualization. Polish language site.
VPSBG.eu	2013.10	OpenVZ	索菲亞, 保加利亞	Offshore VPS in Bulgaria - anonymous registrations and Bitcoin are accepted.
VPS6.NET	2013.01.xx	OpenVZ, Xen, HVM-ISO	美國; 法蘭克福, 德國; 布加列斯特, 羅馬尼亞; 伊斯坦布爾, 土耳其	Registrar.
VPS.NET	2014.01.xx	OpenVZ, Xen, HVM-ISO	US, 加拿大, 英國, 巴西, 荷蘭, 法國, 德國, 日本, 新加坡, 印度, 澳大利亞	Managed & Un managed VPS service provider, multiple OS and configurations..

安裝

KVM

參閱 QEMU#Preparing an Arch Linux guest.

OpenVZ

在任意OpenVZ提供商上安裝Arch Linux

警告： 閱讀 最上的警告^{[損壞的連結：無效的章節]} 來了解關於較老版本內核和systemd的相關信息.

It's possible to directly copy an installation of Arch Linux over the top of a working OpenVZ VPS. This tutorial explains how to create a basic installation of Arch Linux with pacstrap (as used in a standard install) and then replace the contents of a target VPS with it using rsync.

This process (with minor modification) also works to migrate existing Arch installations between various environments and has been confirmed to work in migrating from OpenVZ to Xen and from Xen to OpenVZ. For an install to Xen, other hardware-virtualized platforms, or probably even to physical hardware (unconfirmed), extra steps (basically running mkinitcpio and installing a boot loader) are needed.

前置知識

• A working Arch Linux installation
  • To keep things simple, it should match the architecture you want to install on your VPS (x86_64 or i686).
  • To build from other distributions, arch-bootstrap.sh can be used in place of pacstrap.
• The arch-install-scripts^包, rsync^包, and openssh^包 packages from the official repositories
  • SSH is not strictly required, but rsync over SSH is the method used here.
• A VPS running any distribution, with rsync and a working SSH server
  • Its architecture (x86_64 or i686) does not matter as long as the OpenVZ installation can support your target architecture.
• OpenVZ's serial console feature (usually accessible via your provider's control panel)
  • Without this, any network configuration for the target VPS will have to be done immediately after the "Build" step below.

搭建一個乾淨的Arch Linux

As root, build the installation (optionally replacing build with your preferred target directory):

# mkdir build
# pacstrap -cd build

Other tweaks for the pacstrap command:

• -C custom-pacman-config.conf - Use a custom pacman configuration file. By default, pacstrap builds according to your local pacman.conf. This determines the architecture (i686 or x86_64) of the build, the mirror list, etc.
• -B - Prevent pacstrap from copying your system's pacman keyring to the new build. If you use this option, you will need to run pacman-key --init and pacman-key --populate archlinux in the Configuration step to set up the keyring.
• -M - Prevent pacstrap from copying your system's pacman mirror list to the new build.

把VPS上的所有東西都Arch Arch掉

把目標VPS上所有的文件, 目錄和其它各種東西都用你的build目錄的內容替換掉 (把下面的 "YOUR.VPS.IP.ADDRESS" 換掉):

警告： 處理下面的命令的時候當心點. rsync這個命令根據設計就是極具毀滅性的, 特別是帶上 --delete 選項的時候.

# rsync -ax --delete-delay -e ssh --stats -P build/ YOUR.VPS.IP.ADDRESS:/

選項的解釋:

At minimum, only the -a (preserve timestamps, permissions, etc.), -x (do not cross filesystem boundaries), and --delete (delete anything in the target that does not exist in the source) options are required. The --delete-delay option is an alternate deletion mode which waits to delete anything until the synchronization is otherwise complete; this is not necessary but may reduce the risk of a slow transfer causing the target VPS to lock-up. The -e ssh (use rsync over SSH) option is recommended and makes things simple. The --stats and -P options are just to show more information.

配置

1. 將VPS從外部重啟 (比如你可以利用provider的控制面板來幹這件事).
2. 使用 OpenVZ 的端口控制特性來配置 網絡 和 基本系統設定 (無視 fstab 的生成和 arch-chroot 的相關步驟).
   • 如果你接觸不到端口控制特性, 那你在把Arch Linux同步到VPS前就提前配置好你的網絡設定.

Xen

參閱 Xen#Arch as Xen guest (PVHVM mode)^{[損壞的連結：無效的章節]} 及/或 Xen#Arch as Xen guest (PV mode)^{[損壞的連結：無效的章節]}.