Autofs

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本文將概述AutoFS的配置方法,當未被掛載的可移除文件系統或是網絡共享的文件系統被用户訪問時，這個軟件包可以提供的自動掛載的支持。

安裝[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

安裝軟件包 autofs^AUR。

提示：你將不再需要載入autofs4 模式.

配置[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

AutoFS uses template files for configuration which are located in /etc/autofs The main template is called auto.master, which can point to one or more other templates for specific media types.

Open the file /etc/autofs/auto.master with your favorite editor, you will see something similar to this:

/etc/autofs/auto.master

#/media /etc/autofs/auto.media

The first value on each line determines the base directory under which all the media in a template are mounted, the second value is which template to use. The default base path is /media, but you can change this to any other location you prefer. For instance:

/etc/autofs/auto.master

/media/misc     /etc/autofs/auto.misc     --timeout=5
/media/net      /etc/autofs/auto.net      --timeout=60

注意： Make sure there is an empty line on the end of template files (press ENTER after last word). If there is no correct EOF (end of file) line, the AutoFS daemon will not properly load.

The optional parameter timeout sets the amount of seconds after which to unmount directories.

The base directory will be created if it does not exist on your system. The base directory will be mounted on to load the dynamically loaded media, which means any content in the base directory will not be accessible while autofs is on. This procedure is however non-destructive, so if you accidentally automount into a live directory you can just change the location in auto.master and restart AutoFS to regain the original contents.

If you still want to automount to a target non-empty directory and want to have the original files available even after the dynamically loaded directories are mounted, you can use autofs to mount them to another directory (e.g. /var/autofs/net) and create soft links.

# ln -s /var/autofs/net/share_name /media/share_name

Alternatively, you can have autofs mount your media to a specific folder, rather than inside a common folder.

/etc/autofs/auto.master

/-     /etc/autofs/auto.template

/etc/autofs/auto.template

/path/to/folder     -options :/device/path
/home/user/usbstick  -fstype=auto,async,nodev,nosuid,umask=000  :/dev/sdb1

注意： This can cause problems with resources getting locked if the connection to the share is lost. When trying to access the folder, programs will get locked into waiting for a response, and either the connection has to be restored or the process has to be forcibly killed before unmounting is possible. To mitigate this, only use if you will always be connected to the share, and do not use your home folder or other commonly used folders lest your file browser reads ahead into the disconnected folder

Open the file /etc/nsswitch.conf and add an entry for automount:

automount: files

When you are done configuring your templates (see below), launch the AutoFS daemon as root by enabling and starting the autofs.service.

Devices are now automatically mounted when they are accessed, they will remain mounted as long as you access them.

Removable media[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

Open /etc/autofs/auto.misc to add, remove or edit miscellaneous devices. For instance:

/etc/autofs/auto.misc

#kernel   -ro                                        ftp.kernel.org:/pub/linux
#boot     -fstype=ext2                               :/dev/hda1
usbstick  -fstype=auto,async,nodev,nosuid,umask=000  :/dev/sdb1
cdrom     -fstype=iso9660,ro                         :/dev/cdrom
#floppy   -fstype=auto                               :/dev/fd0

If you have a CD/DVD combo-drive you can change the cdrom line with -fstype=auto to have the media type autodetected.

NFS network mounts[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

AutoFS provides a new way of automatically discovering and mounting NFS-shares on remote servers (the AutoFS network template in /etc/autofs/auto.net has been removed in autofs5). To enable automatic discovery and mounting of network shares from all accessible servers without any further configuration, you will need to add the following to the /etc/autofs/auto.master file:

/net -hosts --timeout=60

Each host name needs to be resolveable, e.g. the name an IP address in /etc/hosts or via DNS and please make sure you have nfs-utils^包 installed and working. You also have to enable RPC (systemctl start|enable rpcbind) to browse shared Folders.

For instance, if you have a remote server fileserver (the name of the directory is the hostname of the server) with an NFS share named /home/share, you can just access the share by typing:

# cd /net/fileserver/home/share

注意： Please note that ghosting, i.e. automatically creating directory placeholders before mounting shares is enabled by default, although AutoFS installation notes claim to remove that option from /etc/conf.d/autofs in order to start the AutoFS daemon.

The -hosts option uses a similar mechanism as the showmount command to detect remote shares. You can see the exported shares by typing:

# showmount <servername> -e

Replacing <servername> with the name of your own server.

An alternative Way is to use the automount-service from Systemd, see NFS with systemd-automount

Manual NFS configuration[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

To mount a NFS share on server_name called /srv/shared_dir to another computer named client_pc at location /mnt/foo, edit auto.master and create a config file for the share (auto.server_name):

/etc/autofs/auto.master

/mnt   /etc/autofs/auto.server_name --timeout 60

/etc/autofs/auto.server_name

foo  -rw,soft,intr,rsize=8192,wsize=8192 server_name:/srv/shared_dir

Samba[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

The Arch package does not provide any Samba or CIFS templates/scripts (23.07.2009), but the following should work for single shares:

Add the following to /etc/autofs/auto.master:

/media/[my_server] /etc/autofs/auto.[my_server] --timeout=60 --ghost

where --timeout defines how many seconds to wait before the file system is unmounted. The --ghost option creates empty folders for each mount-point in the file in order to prevent timeouts, if a network share cannot be contacted.

Next create a file /etc/autofs/auto.[my_server]

[any_name] -fstype=cifs,[other_options] ://[remote_server]/[remote_share_name]

You can specify a user name and password to use with the share in the other_options section:

[any_name] -fstype=cifs,username=[username],password=[password],[other_options] ://[remote_server]/[remote_share_name]

注意： Escape $, and other characters, with a backslash when neccessary.

FTP and SSH (with FUSE)[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

Remote FTP and SSH servers can be accessed seamlessly with AutoFS using FUSE, a virtual file system layer.

Remote FTP[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

First, install the curlftpfs^包 package. Load the fuse module:

# modprobe fuse

Create a /etc/modules-load.d/fuse.conf file containg fuse to load it on each system boot.

Next, add a new entry for FTP servers in /etc/autofs/auto.master:

/media/ftp        /etc/autofs/auto.ftp    --timeout=60

Create the file /etc/autofs/auto.ftp and add a server using the ftp://myuser:mypassword@host:port/path format:

servername -fstype=curl,rw,allow_other,nodev,nonempty,noatime    :ftp\://myuser\:mypassword\@remoteserver

注意： Your passwords are plainly visible for anyone that can run df (only for mounted servers) or view the file /etc/autofs/auto.ftp.

If you want slightly more security you can create the file ~root/.netrc and add the passwords there. Passwords are still plain text, but you can have mode 600, and df command will not show them (mounted or not). This method is also less sensitive to special characters (that else must be escaped) in the passwords. The format is:

machine remoteserver  
login myuser
password mypassword

The line in /etc/autofs/auto.ftp looks like this without user and password:

servername -fstype=curl,allow_other    :ftp\://remoteserver

Create the file /sbin/mount.curl with this code:

/sbin/mount.curl

 #! /bin/sh
 curlftpfs $1 $2 -o $4,disable_eprt

Create the file /sbin/umount.curl with this code:

/sbin/umount.curl

 #! /bin/sh
 fusermount -u $1

Set the permissions for both files:

# chmod 755 /sbin/mount.curl
# chmod 755 /sbin/umount.curl

After a restart your new FTP server should be accessible through /media/ftp/servername.

Remote SSH[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

本文或本章節的事實準確性存在爭議。

原因： All the ssh* commands should be executed as the same user, as before this edit. It should not matter if it is root or unprivileged.（在 Talk:Autofs 中討論）

These are basic instructions to access a remote filesystem over SSH with AutoFS.

注意： Password-less authentication may be convenient but also has security implications. See SSH keypair for more details

Install the sshfs^包 package.

Load the fuse module:

# modprobe fuse

Create a /etc/modules-load.d/fuse.conf file containg fuse to load it on each system boot if you have not one yet.

Install openssh^包.

Generate an SSH keypair:

$ ssh-keygen

When the generator ask for a passphrase, just press ENTER. Using SSH keys without a passphrase is less secure, yet running AutoFS together with passphrases poses some additional difficulties which are not (yet) covered in this article.

Next, copy the public key to the remote SSH server:

$ ssh-copy-id username@remotehost

As root, see that you can login to the remote server without entering a password:

# ssh username@remotehost

注意： This will add the remote server to root's list of known_hosts. Hosts can be also be manually added to /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts.

Create a new entry for SSH servers in /etc/autofs/auto.master:

/media/ssh		/etc/autofs/auto.ssh	--timeout=60

Create the file /etc/autofs/auto.ssh and add an SSH server:

/etc/autofs/auto.ssh

servername     -fstype=fuse,rw,allow_other,IdentityFile=/home/username/.ssh/id_rsa :sshfs\#username@host\:/

After a restart your SSH server should be accessible through /media/ssh/servername.

MTP[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) is used in some Android devices.

Install the mtpfs^包 package.

Create a new entry for MTP Device in /etc/autofs/auto.misc:

android -fstype=fuse,allow_other,umask=000     :mtpfs

Troubleshooting and tweaks[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

This section contains a few solutions for common issues with AutoFS.

Using NIS[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

Version 5.0.5 of AutoFS has more advanced support for NIS. To use AutoFS together with NIS, add yp: in front of the template names in /etc/autofs/auto.master:

/home   yp:auto_home    --timeout=60 
/sbtn   yp:auto_sbtn    --timeout=60
+auto.master

On earlier versions of NIS (before 5.0.4), you should add nis to /etc/nsswitch.conf:

automount: files nis

Optional parameters[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

You can set parameters like timeout systemwide for all AutoFS media in /etc/default/autofs:

Open the /etc/default/autofs file and edit the OPTIONS line:

OPTIONS='--timeout=5'

To enable logging (default is no logging at all), uncomment and add --verbose to the OPTIONS line in /etc/default/autofs e.g.:

OPTIONS='--verbose --timeout=5'

After restarting the autofs daemon, verbose output is visible in systemctl status or in journalctl.

Identify multiple devices[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

If you use multiple USB drives/sticks and want to easily tell them apart, you can use AutoFS to set up the mount points and Udev to create distinct names for your USB drives. See udev#Setting static device names for instructions on setting up Udev rules.

AutoFS permissions[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

If AutoFS is not working for you, make sure that the permissions of the templates files are correct, otherwise AutoFS will not start. This may happen if you backed up your configuration files in a manner which did not preserve file modes. Here are what the modes should be on the configuration files:

0644 - /etc/autofs/auto.master
0644 - /etc/autofs/auto.media
0644 - /etc/autofs/auto.misc
0644 - /etc/conf.d/autofs

In general, scripts (like previous auto.net) should have executable (chmod a+x filename) bits set and lists of mounts should not.

If you are getting errors in /var/log/daemon.log similar to this, you have a permissions problem:

May  7 19:44:16 peterix automount[15218]: lookup(program): lookup for petr failed
May  7 19:44:16 peterix automount[15218]: failed to mount /media/cifs/petr

fusermount problems[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

With certain versions of util-linux, you may not be able to unmount a fuse file system drive mounted by autofs, even if you use the "user=" option. See the discussion here: http://fuse.996288.n3.nabble.com/Cannot-umount-as-non-root-user-anymore-tp689p697.html

Debugging auto mount issues[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

For better debugging you might try running automount in foreground.

# systemctl stop autofs.service
# automount -f -v

Of if you want more debug info than try:

# automount -f --debug

Alternatives to AutoFS[編輯 | 編輯原始碼]

Systemd can automount filesystems upon demand; see here for the description and the article on sshfs for an example.
Thunar Volume Manager is an automount system for users of the Thunar file manager.
PCManFM is a lightweight file manager with built-in support for accessing remote shares
Udisks is a minimalistic automatic disk mounting service