Ruby on Rails
Ruby on Rails,通常简写为 Rails 或者 RoR,是一个 Ruby 语言的开源的 web 应用框架。它通常被 web 开发人员使用敏捷开发方法做快速开发使用。
本文档描述如何在Arch Linux下建立Ruby on Rails开发环境。
Ruby on Rails 需要首先安装 Ruby,所以阅读首先阅读那篇文章查看安装说明。
选项A:通过RubyGems来安装 (推荐)[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
# gem install rails
创建文档需要一会时间. 如果不想要它,加上 --no-ri --no-rdoc 参数到安装命令中.
# gem install rails --no-ri --no-rdoc
更新gems[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
gem 是一个ruby模块包管理器, 类似pacman. 去更新gem, 简单的使用gem命令:
# gem update
选项B:通过 AUR 安装[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
gem install
anyway.There is a ruby-railsAUR package available in the AUR. Note that this is not in an official repository, so you will need to build it manually.
配置[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
Rails 自带了一个基本的HTTP服务器 WeBrick. 你可以创建一个测试应用来测试它. 首先, 创建一个应用使用rails 命令:
# rails new testapp_name
然后开始Web服务器. 它默认监听3000端口 :
# cd testapp_name # rails server
完成后打开浏览器输入你服务器地址和3000端口. 例如, 如果服务器在本机 :
在浏览器地址栏输入http://127.0.0.1:3000/
你将看到Rails默认欢迎界面 "Welcome aboard".
Web 服务器[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
Ruby On Rails 默认HTTP 服务器(WeBrick) 可以方便去测试,但是不推荐在产品中使用。以下是一些合适的选择:
Mongrel[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
Mongrel is a drop-in replacement for WeBrick, that can be run in precisely the same way, but offers better performance.
通过gem来安装mongrel:
# gem install mongrel
然后开始mongrel:
# mongrel_rails start
Alternatively, you can just run "ruby script/server" again, as it replaces WeBrick by default.
Generally, Mongrel is used in a production environment by running multiple instances of mongrel_rails, which are load-balanced behind an Nginx or Apache reverse proxy. However, you might find Phusion Passenger (see below) a much simpler solution for running a production environment.
Apache/Nginx (using Phusion Passenger)[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
Passenger also known as mod_rails
is a module available for Nginx and Apache, that greatly simplifies setting up a Rails server environment.
Start by installing the Passenger gem:
# gem install passenger
If you are aiming to use Apache with Passenger, run:
# passenger-install-apache2-module
For Nginx:
# passenger-install-nginx-module
The installer will provide you with any additional information regarding the installation (such as installing additional libraries).
数据库[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
多数Web应用都需要数据库去保存数据。ActiveRecord (the ORM used by Rails to provide database abstraction) supports several database vendors, the most popular of which are MySQL, SQLite, and PostgreSQL.
SQLite[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
SQLite 是Ruby on Rails默认的数据库. 要去激活 SQLite, 安装ruby-sqlite3
# pacman -S ruby-sqlite3
PostgreSQL[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
(待补充) 安装 postgresql包.
MySQL[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
关于如何安装 MySQL 服务器请参考 MySQL。
首先安装通过gem安装mysql模块:
# gem install mysql
你可以创建使用mysql的Rails应用使用 -d
参数:
$ rails new testapp_name -d mysql
然后你需要编辑 config/database.yml. Rails 为production/tests/development使用3种数据库。下面示例使用development数据库. 填写数据库,用户名,密码字段:
development: adapter: mysql database: my_application_database username: development password: my_secret_password
Note that you do not have to actually create the database using MySQL, as this can be done via Rails with:
# rake db:migrate
如果没有错误显示, 那么表示建立正确,并且Rails可以和MySQL数据库通信了。
选项C:完美的 Rails 安装[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
Phusion Passenger running multiple Ruby versions.
- Arch Linux: A simple, lightweight distribution. ;)
- Nginx: A fast and lightweight web server with a strong focus on high concurrency, performance and low memory usage.
- Passenger (a.k.a. mod_rails or mod_rack): Supports both Apache and Nginx web servers. It makes deployment of Ruby web applications, such as those built on Ruby on Rails web framework, a breeze.
- Ruby Enterprise Edition (REE): Passenger allows Ruby on Rails applications to use about 33% less memory, when used in combination with REE.
- Ruby Version Manager (RVM): A command-line tool which allows you to easily install, manage, and work with multiple Ruby environments from interpreters to sets of gems. RVM lets you deploy each project with its own completely self-contained and dedicated environment —from the specific version of ruby, all the way down to the precise set of required gems to run your application—.
- SQLite: The default lightweight database for Ruby on Rails.
步骤 0: SQLite[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
Easy as:
$ sudo pacman -S sqlite
步骤 1: RVM[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
Make a multi-user RVM installation as specified here.
In the 'adding users to the rvm group' step, do
$ sudo usermod -a -G rvm http $ sudo usermod -a -G rvm nobody
. http and nobody are the users related to Nginx and Passenger, respectively.
步骤 2: Rubies[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
Once you have a working RVM installation in your hands, it is time to install the Ruby Enterprise Edition interpreter
$ rvm install ree
. Also take the chance to include other interpreters you want to use, like the last Ruby version
$ rvm install 1.9.3
Advice[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
I have found useful to delete the 'global' gemsets of the environments that have web applications. Their gems were somehow interfering with Passenger. Do not do
$ rvm ree do gemset delete global $ rvm 1.9.3 do gemset delete global
now, but consider this later if you encounter complications.
步骤 3: Nginx with Passenger support[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
Do not install Nginx via pacman. This web server does not support modules as Apache, so it must be compiled from source with the functionality of mod_rails (Passenger). Fortunately this is straightforward thanks to the passenger gem. Get it:
$ rvm use ree $ gem install passenger
. The gem will be put into the 'default' gemset. Now execute the following script:
$ rvmsudo passenger-install-nginx-module
. It will download the sources of Nginx, compile and install it for you. It will guide you through all the process. (The default location for Nginx is /opt/nginx.)
After completion, the script will require you to add two lines into the 'http block' at /opt/nginx/conf/nginx.conf that look like:
http { ... passenger_root /usr/local/rvm/gems/ree-1.8.7-2011.03/gems/passenger-3.0.9; passenger_ruby /usr/local/rvm/wrappers/ree-1.8.7-2011.03/ruby; ... }
For everything that is not Ruby, use Nginx as usual to serve static pages, PHP and Python. Check the wiki page for more information.
To enable the Nnginx service by default at start-up just add nginx
to the DAEMONS
array in /etc/rc.conf
:
DAEMONS=(ntpd syslog-ng ... nginx)
步骤 4: Gemsets and Apps[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
For each Rails application you should have a gemset. Suppose that you want to try RefineryCMS against BrowserCMS, two open-source Content Management Systems based on Rails. Then you should do:
$ rvm use ree@refinery --create $ gem install rails -v 3.0.11 $ gem install passenger $ gem install refinerycms refinerycms-i18n sqlite3
Deploy a RefineryCMS instance called refineria:
$ cd /srv/http/ $ rvmsudo refinerycms refineria
Again:
$ rvm use 1.9.3@browser --create $ gem install passenger $ gem install browsercms sqlite3
Deploy a BrowserCMS instance called navegador:
$ cd /srv/http/ $ rvmsudo browsercms demo navegador $ cd /srv/http/navegador $ rvmsudo rake db:install
Passenger for Nginx and Passenger Standalone[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
Observe that the passenger gem was installed three times and with different intentions; in the environments
- ree => for Nginx,
- ree@refinery => Standalone, and
- 1.9.3@browser => Standalone.
The strategy is to combine Passenger for Nginx with Passenger Standalone. One must first identify the Ruby environment (interpreter plus gemset) that one uses the most; in this setup the REE interpreter and the default gemset were selected. One then proceeds with setting up Passenger for Nginx to use that environment. All applications that are to use a different Ruby version and/or gemset can be served separately through Passenger Standalone and hook into the main web server via a reverse proxy configuration.
步骤 5: .rvmrc 文件和所有者[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
This step is crucial for the correct behaviour of the setup. RVM seeks for .rvmrc files when changing folders; if it finds one, it reads it. In these files normally one stores a line like
rvm <ruby_version>@<gemset_name>
so the specified environment is set at the entrance of applications' root folder.
Create /srv/http/refineria/.rvmrc and put
sudo sh -c 'echo "rvm ree@refinery" > /srv/http/navegador/.rvmrc'
while in /srv/http/navegador/.rvmrc,
sudo sh -c 'echo "rvm 1.9.3@browser" > /srv/http/navegador/.rvmrc'
You have to enter to both application root folders now, because every first time that RVM finds a .rvmrc it asks you if you trust the given file, consequently you must validate the two files you have just created.
These files aid the programs involved to find the correct gems.
Apart, if applications' files and folders are not owned by the right user you will face database write-access problems. The use of rvmsudo produces root-owned archives when generated by Rails; in the other hand, nobody is the user for Passenger —if you have not changed it—: who will use and should posses them. Fix this doing
$ sudo chown -R nobody.nobody /srv/http/refineria /srv/http/navegador
步骤 6: 反向代理[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
You have to start the Passenger Standalone web servers for your applications. So, do
$ cd /srv/http/refineria $ rvmsudo passenger start --socket refineria.socket -d
and
$ cd /srv/http/navegador $ rvmsudo passenger start --socket navegador.socket -d
. The first time that you run a Passenger Standalone it will perform a minor installation.
Note that you are using unix domain sockets instead of the commonly-used TCP sockets; it turns out that unix domain are significantly faster than TCP sockets.
Launch Passenger Standalone daemons at system start-up[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
Coming soon!
步骤 7: 部署[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
Once again edit /opt/nginx/conf/nginx.conf to include some vital instructions:
## RefineryCMS ## upstream refineria_upstream { server unix:/srv/http/refineria/refineria.socket; } server { server_name refinery.domain.com; root /srv/http/refineria/public; location / { proxy_pass http://refineria_upstream; proxy_set_header Host $host; } } ## BrowserCMS ## upstream navegador_upstream { server unix:/srv/http/navegador/navegador.socket; } server { server_name browser.domain.com; root /srv/http/navegador/public; location / { proxy_pass http://navegador_upstream; proxy_set_header Host $host; } }
At this point you are in conditions to run Nginx with:
$ sudo rc.d start nginx
and to access both CMSs through refinery.domain.com and browser.domain.com.
参考文献[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
- https://rvm.io/integration/passenger
- https://blog.phusion.nl/2010/09/21/phusion-passenger-running-multiple-ruby-versions