这个页面用表格展示一些流行的 Linux 发行版包管理器命令的对应关系。这是受到 openSUSE's Software Management Command Line Comparison 的启发而成的。
提示：Arch 用户在临时处理其他发行版时可以用
pacapt，它是对其它包管理器的简单包装。
| 行为 |
Arch |
Red Hat/Fedora |
Debian/Ubuntu |
SLES/openSUSE |
Gentoo
|
| 搜索软件包（们）。 What exact fields are being searched by default varies in each tool. Mostly options bring tools on par. |
pacman -Ss |
dnf search |
apt search |
zypper search 或 zypper se [-s] |
emerge --search (-s)
或 emerge --searchdesc (-S)
|
| 按照包名安装软件包（们） |
pacman -S |
dnf install |
apt install |
zypper install 或 zypper in |
emerge
|
| 获取源码包（们）并构建依赖 |
makepkg -s PKGBUILD |
dnf builddep |
apt build-dep |
zypper source-install (zypper si) 或 zypper install -d |
emerge,或explicitly emerge --with-bdeps
|
| 不进行实际操作，只输出操作目标
|
pacman --print (或 -p) |
dnf --setopt=tsflags=test |
apt --simulate (or -s, --dry-run, --just-print) |
zypper --dry-run |
emerge --pretend (-p)
|
| 切换是否手动确认
|
pacman --confirm 或 pacman --noconfirm |
dnf --assumeyes (-y) 或 dnf --assumeno |
apt --yes (-y) |
zypper --non-interactive (-n) 或 zypper --no-confirm (-y) |
emerge --ask (-a)
|
| 刷新本地软件包数据库 |
pacman -Sy (见 the warnings about partial updates) |
dnf check-update或dnf makecache |
apt update |
zypper refresh 或 zypper ref |
emerge --sync
|
| 升级软件包 - 安装已经有旧版本安装的软件包 |
pacman -Syu |
dnf upgrade |
apt upgrade |
zypper update 或 zypper up |
emerge -[a]uDN @world
|
| 升级软件包 -另一种的升级命令, 可以完成更复杂的升级 -- 比如发行版升级. 当普通的更新命令会忽略软件包更新时,包括依赖关系的一些变化使用这个命令可以进行更新. |
pacman -Syu |
dnf distro-sync |
apt dist-upgrade |
zypper dup |
emerge -[a]uDN @world
|
| 按照包名移除软件包（们）及其所有依赖 |
pacman -Rs |
dnf remove |
apt autoremove |
zypper remove 或 zypper rm |
emerge --depclean (-c)
|
| 按照包名移除软件包（们）及其配置文件
|
pacman -Rn |
? |
apt purge |
? |
n/a
|
| 按照包名移除软件包（们）及其所有依赖和配置文件 |
pacman -Rns |
? |
apt autoremove --purge |
? |
n/a
|
| 移除不再被需要的依赖(orphans), 例如 需要某个依赖的软件包已被移除 |
pacman -Qdtq | pacman -Rs - (-Qdttq to also remove optional deps) |
dnf autoremove |
apt autoremove |
zypper rm -u (just for removing a package) 或 zypper packages --unneeded (listing only and without recursion) |
emerge --depclean (-c)
|
| 移除所有不再处于任何仓库的软件包 |
pacman -Qmq | pacman -Rs - |
dnf repoquery --extras |
aptitude purge '~o' |
|
?
|
| 将先前作为依赖被安装的软件包标记为明确的安装 |
pacman -D --asexplicit |
dnf mark install |
apt-mark manual |
zypper install --force (workaround which needs to reinstall the package) |
emerge --select (-w)
|
| 将软件包作为依赖被安装 / 并不明确的标记为 required |
pacman -S --asdeps |
dnf install and then dnf mark remove |
apt-mark auto |
n/a (feature request) |
emerge --oneshot (-1)
|
| 仅下载指定的软件包而不解包或安装 |
pacman -Sw |
dnf download |
apt install --download-only (into the package cache) 或 apt download (bypass the package cache) |
zypper --download-only |
emerge --fetchonly (-f)
|
| 清理本地所有缓存。可以使用选项显示实际清理的内容 |
pacman -Sc或pacman -Scc |
dnf clean all |
apt autoclean removes only unneeded, obsolete information或apt clean |
zypper clean |
eclean distfiles
|
| 打开一个Shell来在一个会话里输入多个命令
|
|
dnf shell |
|
zypper shell |
|
| 显示关于软件包管理行为的日志 |
read /var/log/pacman.log |
dnf history |
read /var/log/dpkg.log |
read /var/log/zypp/history |
read /var/log/portage
|
| Get a dump of the whole system information - Prints, Saves或similar the current state of the package management system. Preferred output is text or XML. (Note: Why either-or here? No tool offers the option to choose the output format.) |
见 /var/lib/pacman/local |
见 /var/lib/rpm/Packages |
apt-cache stats |
|
emerge --info
|
| 通过电子邮件发送软件包的变更
|
|
|
apt install apt-listchanges |
|
eselect news read
|
| Action |
Arch |
Red Hat/Fedora |
Debian/Ubuntu |
SLES/openSUSE |
Gentoo
|
| 显示关于一个软件包的全部或者大多数信息。The tools' verbosity for the default command vary. But with options, the tools are on par with each other. |
pacman -Si或pacman -Qi |
dnf list 或 dnf info |
apt show 或 apt-cache policy |
zypper info或zypper if |
emerge -S, emerge -pv或eix
|
| 显示本地软件包信息：名称、版本、描述等等 |
pacman -Qi |
rpm -qi / dnf info installed |
dpkg -s 或 aptitude show |
zypper info或rpm -qi |
emerge -pv或emerge -S
|
| 显示远端软件包信息：名称、版本、描述等等 |
pacman -Si |
dnf info |
apt-cache show 或 aptitude show |
zypper info |
emerge -pv and emerge -S或equery meta
|
| 显示由本地软件包提供的文件 |
pacman -Ql |
rpm -ql |
dpkg -L |
rpm -ql |
equery files或qlist
|
| 显示由远端软件包提供的文件
|
pacman -Fl |
dnf repoquery -l或repoquery -l (from package yum-utils) |
apt-file list |
|
pfl
|
| 查询拥有某个文件的软件包 |
pacman -Qo |
rpm -qf (installed only)或dnf provides (everything)或repoquery -f (from package yum-utils) |
dpkg -S或dlocate |
rpm -qf (installed only)或zypper search -f (everything) |
equery belongs 或 qfile
|
| 列出软件包所提供的文件. 同样,这个功能可以被其他更复杂的命令实现 |
pacman -Ql或pacman -Fl |
dnf repoquery -l |
dpkg-query -L |
rpm -ql |
equery files 或 qlist
|
| Displays packages which provide the given exp. aka reverse provides. Mainly a shortcut to search a specific field. Other tools might offer this functionality through the search command. |
pacman -F |
dnf provides |
apt-file search |
zypper what-provides或zypper wp |
equery belongs (only installed packages)或pfl
|
| 搜索所有软件包以找到持有某个特定文件的包 |
pacman -F |
dnf provides |
apt-file search或auto-apt is using this functionality. |
zypper search -f |
equery belongs 或 qfile
|
| 显示软件包的变更日志 |
pacman -Qc |
dnf changelog |
apt-get changelog |
rpm -q --changelog |
equery changes -f
|
| Action |
Arch |
Red Hat/Fedora |
Debian/Ubuntu |
SLES/openSUSE |
Gentoo
|
| Search for package(s) by searching the expression in name, description, short description. What exact fields are being searched by default varies in each tool. Mostly options bring tools on par. |
pacman -Ss |
dnf search |
apt search |
zypper search 或 zypper se -s |
emerge -S 或 eix
|
| 列出有可用更新的软件包。Note: Some provide special commands to limit the output to certain installation sources, others use options. |
pacman -Qu |
dnf list updates 或 dnf check-update |
apt list --upgradable |
zypper list-updates或zypper patch-check (just for patches) |
emerge -uDNp @world
|
| Display a list of all packages in all installation sources that are handled by the packages management. Some tools provide options或additional commands to limit the output to a specific installation source. |
pacman -Sl |
dnf list available |
apt-cache dumpavail或apt-cache dump (Cache only)或apt-cache pkgnames |
zypper packages |
portageq all_best_visible /
|
| 生成一个已安装软件包的列表 |
pacman -Q |
dnf list installed |
dpkg --list | grep ^i |
zypper search --installed-only |
qlist -IC
|
| 列出已安装但不(再)属于任何软件源的软件包 |
pacman -Qm |
dnf list extras |
apt --installed list | grep ,local |
zypper se -si | grep 'System Packages' |
eix-test-obsolete
|
| List packages that were recently added to one of the installation sources, i.e. which are new to it. |
|
dnf list recent |
aptitude search '~N'或aptitude forget-new |
|
eix-diff
|
| 列出本地已安装的软件包及版本
|
pacman -Q |
rpm -qa |
dpkg -l或apt list --installed |
zypper search -s或rpm -qa |
qlist -ICv
|
| 搜索本地已安装的软件包名或描述 |
pacman -Qs |
rpm -qa '*<str>*' |
aptitude search '~i(~n $name|~d $description)' |
|
eix -S -I
|
| 列出不再被任何软件包所需要的依赖
|
pacman -Qtt |
dnf leaves或package-cleanup --leaves --all |
deborphan -anp1 |
|
emerge -pc
|
| 列出显式安装的软件包(不作为任何其他软件包的依赖而安装) |
pacman -Qe |
dnf history userinstalled |
apt-mark showmanual |
zypper search | grep -E '^i\+' (workaround) |
emerge -pvO @selected或eix --selected
|
| 列出(作为依赖)自动安装的软件包 |
pacman -Qd |
zypper search | grep -E '^i[^+]' (workaround) |
apt-mark showauto |
|
|
|
|
| Action |
Arch |
Red Hat/Fedora |
Debian/Ubuntu |
SLES/openSUSE |
Gentoo
|
| Display packages which require X to be installed, aka show reverse dependencies. |
pacman -Sii或pacman -Qii |
dnf repoquery --alldeps --whatrequires或repoquery --whatrequires |
apt-cache rdepends或aptitude search ~D$pattern |
zypper search --requires |
equery depends
|
| Display packages which conflict with given expression (often package). Search can be used as well to mimic this function. |
pacman -Si或pacman -Qi |
dnf repoquery --conflicts |
aptitude search '~C$pattern' |
|
|
| List all packages which are required for the given package, aka show dependencies. |
pacman -Si或pacman -Qi |
dnf repoquery --requires或repoquery -R |
apt-cache depends或apt-cache show |
zypper info --requires |
emerge -ep
|
| List what the current package provides |
pacman -Sii或pacman -Qii |
dnf repoquery --provides |
dpkg -s或aptitude show |
zypper info --provides |
equery files或qlist
|
| List all packages that require a particular package |
pacman -Sii |
dnf repoquery --installed --alldeps --whatrequires |
aptitude search ~D{depends,recommends,suggests}:$pattern或aptitude whyor apt-cache rdepends |
zypper search --requires |
equery depends -a
|
| Display all packages that the specified packages obsoletes. |
pacman -Si或pacman -Qi |
dnf list obsoletes |
apt-cache show |
|
|
| Generates an output suitable for processing with dotty for the given package(s). |
|
|
apt-cache dotty |
|
|
| Action |
Arch |
Red Hat/Fedora |
Debian/Ubuntu |
SLES/openSUSE |
Gentoo
|
| 软件源管理 |
编辑 /etc/pacman.conf |
编辑 /etc/yum.repos.d/${REPO}.repo |
编辑 /etc/apt/sources.list |
编辑 /etc/zypp/repos.d/${REPO}.repo |
layman或eselect repository
|
| Add an installation source to the system. Some tools provide additional commands for certain sources, others allow all types of source URI for the add command. Again others, like apt force editing a sources list. apt-cdrom is a special command, which offers special options design for CDs/DVDs as source. |
edit /etc/pacman.conf |
dnf config-manager |
apt-cdrom add |
zypper ar <URL or .repo file> |
layman或overlays
|
| Refresh the information about the specified installation source(s)或all installation sources. |
pacman -Sy (always upgrade the whole system afterwards) |
dnf clean expire-cache and then dnf check-update |
apt-get update |
zypper refresh或zypper ref |
emerge --sync或layman -S
|
| Prints a list of all installation sources including important information like URI, alias etc. |
cat /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist |
cat /etc/yum.repos.d/* |
apt-cache policy |
zypper repos或zypper lr |
layman -l或eselect repository list
|
| List all packages from a certain repo |
paclist <repo> |
|
|
zypper search -r <repo>或zypper se -r <repo> |
eix --in-overlay
|
| Disable an installation source for an operation |
|
dnf --disablerepo= |
|
|
emerge package::repo-to-use
|
| Download packages from a different version of the distribution than the one installed. |
pacman -S repo_name/package |
dnf --releasever= |
apt-get install -t release package或apt-get install package/release (dependencies not covered) |
zypper install -r <repo> package |
echo "category/package ~amd64" >> /etc/portage/package.keywords and then emerge package
|
| Action |
Arch |
Red Hat/Fedora |
Debian/Ubuntu |
SLES/openSUSE |
Gentoo
|
| Add a package lock rule to keep its current state from being changed |
edit /etc/pacman.conf modifying IgnorePkg array |
edit dnf.conf adding/amending the exclude option |
apt-mark hold pkg |
zypper al或put package name in /etc/zypp/locks |
/etc/portage/package.mask
|
| Delete a package lock rule |
edit /etc/pacman.conf removing package from IgnorePkg line |
|
apt-mark unhold pkg |
zypper rl或remove package name from /etc/zypp/locks |
/etc/portage/package.mask (or package.unmask)
|
| Show a listing of all lock rules |
cat /etc/pacman.conf |
|
/etc/apt/preferences |
zypper ll或view /etc/zypp/locks |
cat /etc/portage/package.mask
|
| Set the priority of the given package to avoid upgrade, force downgrade或to overwrite any default behavior. Can also be used to prefer a package version from a certain installation source. |
edit /etc/pacman.conf modifying HoldPkg and/or IgnorePkg arrays |
|
/etc/apt/preferences, apt-cache policy |
zypper mr -p |
edit /etc/portage/package.accept_keywords adding a line with =category/package-version
|
| Remove a previously set priority |
|
|
/etc/apt/preferences |
zypper mr -p |
edit /etc/portage/package.accept_keywords removing offending line
|
| Show a list of set priorities |
|
|
apt-cache policy或/etc/apt/preferences |
zypper lr -p |
grep -r . /etc/portage/package.accept_keywords
|
| Ignore problems that priorities may trigger.
|
|
|
|
n/a |
|
Verification and repair[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
| Action |
Arch |
Red Hat/Fedora |
Debian/Ubuntu |
SLES/openSUSE |
Gentoo
|
| 验证单个软件包 |
pacman -Qk (can add another k) |
rpm -V |
debsums |
rpm -V |
equery check
|
| 验证所有软件包 |
pacman -Qk (can add another k) |
rpm -Va |
debsums |
rpm -Va |
equery check
|
| 重新安装给定的软件包。 this will reinstall the given package without dependency hassle |
pacman -S |
dnf reinstall |
apt install --reinstall |
zypper install --force |
emerge -1O
|
| 验证整个系统的依赖关系; used if installation process was forcefully killed |
pacman -Dk |
dnf repoquery --requires |
apt-get check |
zypper verify |
emerge -uDN @world
|
使用一些魔法来修理损坏的依赖关系 |
for pacman dependency level, use pacman -Dk; for shared library level, use findbrokenpkgsAUR或lddd (from devtools包) |
dnf repoquery --unsatisfied |
apt-get --fix-broken and then aptitude install |
zypper verify |
revdep-rebuild
|
| Add a checkpoint to the package system for later rollback |
|
(unnecessary, it is done on every transaction) |
|
n/a |
|
| Remove a checkpoint from the system |
n/a |
n/a |
|
n/a |
|
| Provide a list of all system checkpoints |
n/a |
dnf history list |
|
n/a |
|
| Rolls entire packages back to a certain date或checkpoint |
n/a |
dnf history rollback |
|
n/a |
|
| Undo a single specified transaction |
n/a |
dnf history undo |
|
n/a |
|
Using package files and building packages[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
| Action |
Arch |
Red Hat/Fedora |
Debian/Ubuntu |
SLES/openSUSE |
Gentoo
|
| Query a package supplied on the command line rather than an entry in the package management database |
pacman -Qp |
rpm -qp |
dpkg -I |
|
|
| List the contents of a package file |
pacman -Qpl |
rpmls rpm -qpl |
dpkg -c |
rpm -qpl |
|
| Install local package file, e.g. app.rpm and uses the installation sources to resolve dependencies |
pacman -U |
dnf install |
apt install |
zypper in |
emerge
|
| Updates package(s) with local packages and uses the installation sources to resolve dependencies |
pacman -U |
dnf upgrade |
debi |
|
emerge
|
| Add a local package to the local package cache mostly for debugging purposes. |
cp package-filename /var/cache/pacman/pkg/ |
|
apt-cache add package-filename |
n/a |
cp package-filename /usr/portage/distfiles
|
| 解包一个软件包 |
tar -xvf |
rpm2cpio | cpio -vid |
dpkg-deb -x |
rpm2cpio | cpio -vid |
tar -jxvf
|
| Install/Remove packages to satisfy build-dependencies. Uses information in the source package |
Use ABS and makepkg -seoc |
dnf builddep |
apt-get build-dep |
zypper si -d |
emerge -o
|
| Display the source package to the given package name(s) |
|
dnf repoquery -s |
apt-cache showsrc |
n/a |
|
| Download the corresponding source package(s) to the given package name(s) |
Use ABS and makepkg -o |
dnf download --source |
apt-get source或debcheckout |
zypper source-install |
emerge --fetchonly
|
| 构建一个软件包 |
makepkg -s |
rpmbuild -ba (normal)或mock (in chroot) |
debuild |
rpmbuild -ba, then build, and then osc build |
ebuild或quickpkg
|
| 检查可能的打包问题 |
namcap
(requires namcap包) |
rpmlint |
lintian |
rpmlint |
repoman
|
Log file rotation[编辑 | 编辑源代码]
By default, Arch Linux does not rotate pacman.log. See, for example, FS#11272 and FS#20428#comment66480. This is in contrast to the default policy of most other Linux distributions. Some distributions, notably Gentoo, hardly write log files by default.