pacman/Rosetta

翻译状态：

• 本文（或部分内容）是 Pacman/Rosetta 的翻译，最近一次同步的日期是 2023-04-10，如果英文版本有所更改，则您可以帮助同步翻译更改的内容。
• 您可以在ArchWiki 的对应页面找到本文翻译的原始编辑记录和贡献者列表。

这个页面用表格展示一些流行的 Linux 发行版包管理器命令的对应关系。这是受到 openSUSE's Software Management Command Line Comparison 的启发而成的。

提示：Arch 用户在临时处理其他发行版时可以用 pacapt，它是对其它包管理器的简单包装。

基本操作

行为	Arch	Red Hat/Fedora	Debian/Ubuntu	SLES/openSUSE	Gentoo
搜索软件包（们）。 What exact fields are being searched by default varies in each tool. Mostly options bring tools on par.	pacman -Ss	dnf search	apt search	zypper search 或 zypper se [-s]	emerge --search (-s) 或 emerge --searchdesc (-S)
按照包名安装软件包（们）	pacman -S	dnf install	apt install	zypper install 或 zypper in	emerge
获取源码包（们）并构建依赖	makepkg -s PKGBUILD	dnf builddep	apt build-dep	zypper source-install (zypper si) 或 zypper install -d	emerge, or explicitly emerge --with-bdeps
不进行实际操作，只输出操作目标	pacman --print (或 -p)	dnf --setopt=tsflags=test	apt --simulate (or -s, --dry-run, --just-print)	zypper --dry-run	emerge --pretend (-p)
切换是否手动确认	pacman --confirm 或 pacman --noconfirm	dnf --assumeyes (-y) 或 dnf --assumeno	apt --yes (-y)	zypper --non-interactive (-n) 或 zypper --no-confirm (-y)	emerge --ask (-a)
刷新本地软件包数据库	pacman -Sy (见 the warnings about partial updates)	dnf check-update or dnf makecache	apt update	zypper refresh 或 zypper ref	emerge --sync
升级软件包 - Install packages which have an older version already installed	pacman -Syu	dnf upgrade	apt upgrade	zypper update 或 zypper up	emerge -[a]uDN @world
升级软件包 -另一种的升级命令, 可以完成更复杂的升级 -- 比如发行版升级. When the usual update command will omit package updates, which include changes in dependencies, this command can perform those updates.	pacman -Syu	dnf distro-sync	apt dist-upgrade	zypper dup	emerge -[a]uDN @world
按照包名移除软件包（们）及其所有依赖	pacman -Rs	dnf remove	apt autoremove	zypper remove 或 zypper rm	emerge --depclean (-c)
按照包名移除软件包（们）及其配置文件	pacman -Rn	?	apt purge	?	n/a
按照包名移除软件包（们）及其所有依赖和配置文件	pacman -Rns	?	apt autoremove --purge	?	n/a
移除不再被需要的依赖(orphans), 例如 需要某个依赖的软件包已被移除	pacman -Qdtq | pacman -Rs - (-Qdttq to also remove optional deps)	dnf autoremove	apt autoremove	zypper rm -u (just for removing a package) 或 zypper packages --unneeded (listing only and without recursion)	emerge --depclean (-c)
移除所有不再处于任何仓库的软件包	pacman -Qmq | pacman -Rs -	dnf repoquery --extras	aptitude purge '~o'		?
将先前作为依赖被安装的软件包标记为明确的安装	pacman -D --asexplicit	dnf mark install	apt-mark manual	zypper install --force (workaround which needs to reinstall the package)	emerge --select (-w)
将软件包作为依赖被安装 / 并不明确的标记为required	pacman -S --asdeps	dnf install and then dnf mark remove	apt-mark auto	n/a (feature request)	emerge --oneshot (-1)
仅下载指定的软件包而不解包或安装	pacman -Sw	dnf download	apt install --download-only (into the package cache) 或 apt download (bypass the package cache)	zypper --download-only	emerge --fetchonly (-f)
清理本地所有缓存。Options might limit what is actually cleaned.	pacman -Sc or pacman -Scc	dnf clean all	apt autoclean removes only unneeded, obsolete information or apt clean	zypper clean	eclean distfiles
打开一个Shell来在一个会话里输入多个命令		dnf shell		zypper shell
Show a log of actions taken by the software management.	read /var/log/pacman.log	dnf history	read /var/log/dpkg.log	read /var/log/zypp/history	read /var/log/portage
Get a dump of the whole system information - Prints, Saves or similar the current state of the package management system. Preferred output is text or XML. (Note: Why either-or here? No tool offers the option to choose the output format.)	见 /var/lib/pacman/local	见 /var/lib/rpm/Packages	apt-cache stats		emerge --info
e-mail delivery of package changes			apt install apt-listchanges		eselect news read

查询特定的软件包

Action	Arch	Red Hat/Fedora	Debian/Ubuntu	SLES/openSUSE	Gentoo
显示关于一个软件包的全部或者大多数信息。The tools' verbosity for the default command vary. But with options, the tools are on par with each other.	pacman -Si or pacman -Qi	dnf list 或 dnf info	apt show 或 apt-cache policy	zypper info or zypper if	emerge -S, emerge -pv or eix
显示本地软件包信息：名称、版本、描述等等	pacman -Qi	rpm -qi / dnf info installed	dpkg -s 或 aptitude show	zypper info or rpm -qi	emerge -pv or emerge -S
显示远端软件包信息：名称、版本、描述等等	pacman -Si	dnf info	apt-cache show 或 aptitude show	zypper info	emerge -pv and emerge -S or equery meta
显示由本地软件包提供的文件	pacman -Ql	rpm -ql	dpkg -L	rpm -ql	equery files or qlist
显示由远端软件包提供的文件	pacman -Fl	dnf repoquery -l or repoquery -l (from package yum-utils)	apt-file list		pfl
查询提供某个文件的软件包	pacman -Qo	rpm -qf (installed only) or dnf provides (everything) or repoquery -f (from package yum-utils)	dpkg -S or dlocate	rpm -qf (installed only) or zypper search -f (everything)	equery belongs 或 qfile
List the files that the package holds. Again, this functionality can be mimicked by other more complex commands.	pacman -Ql or pacman -Fl	dnf repoquery -l	dpkg-query -L	rpm -ql	equery files 或 qlist
Displays packages which provide the given exp. aka reverse provides. Mainly a shortcut to search a specific field. Other tools might offer this functionality through the search command.	pacman -F	dnf provides	apt-file search	zypper what-provides or zypper wp	equery belongs (only installed packages) or pfl
搜索所有软件包以找到持有某个特定文件的包	pacman -F	dnf provides	apt-file search or auto-apt is using this functionality.	zypper search -f	equery belongs 或 qfile
显示软件包的变更日志	pacman -Qc	dnf changelog	apt-get changelog	rpm -q --changelog	equery changes -f

Querying package lists

Action	Arch	Red Hat/Fedora	Debian/Ubuntu	SLES/openSUSE	Gentoo
Search for package(s) by searching the expression in name, description, short description. What exact fields are being searched by default varies in each tool. Mostly options bring tools on par.	pacman -Ss	dnf search	apt search	zypper search 或 zypper se -s	emerge -S 或 eix
列出有可用更新的软件包。Note: Some provide special commands to limit the output to certain installation sources, others use options.	pacman -Qu	dnf list updates 或 dnf check-update	apt list --upgradable	zypper list-updates or zypper patch-check (just for patches)	emerge -uDNp @world
Display a list of all packages in all installation sources that are handled by the packages management. Some tools provide options or additional commands to limit the output to a specific installation source.	pacman -Sl	dnf list available	apt-cache dumpavail or apt-cache dump (Cache only) or apt-cache pkgnames	zypper packages	portageq all_best_visible /
生成一个已安装软件包的列表	pacman -Q	dnf list installed	dpkg --list | grep ^i	zypper search --installed-only	qlist -IC
List packages that are installed but are not available in any installation source (anymore).	pacman -Qm	dnf list extras	apt --installed list | grep ,local	zypper se -si | grep 'System Packages'	eix-test-obsolete
List packages that were recently added to one of the installation sources, i.e. which are new to it.		dnf list recent	aptitude search '~N' or aptitude forget-new		eix-diff
List installed local packages along with version	pacman -Q	rpm -qa	dpkg -l or apt list --installed	zypper search -s or rpm -qa	qlist -ICv
Search locally installed package for names or descriptions	pacman -Qs	rpm -qa '*<str>*'	aptitude search '~i(~n $name|~d $description)'		eix -S -I
List packages not required by any other package	pacman -Qtt	dnf leaves or package-cleanup --leaves --all	deborphan -anp1		emerge -pc
List packages installed explicitly (not as dependencies)	pacman -Qe	dnf history userinstalled	apt-mark showmanual	zypper search | grep -E '^i\+' (workaround)	emerge -pvO @selected or eix --selected
List packages installed automatically (as dependencies)	pacman -Qd	zypper search | grep -E '^i[^+]' (workaround)	apt-mark showauto

Querying package dependencies

Action	Arch	Red Hat/Fedora	Debian/Ubuntu	SLES/openSUSE	Gentoo
Display packages which require X to be installed, aka show reverse dependencies.	pacman -Sii or pacman -Qii	dnf repoquery --alldeps --whatrequires or repoquery --whatrequires	apt-cache rdepends or aptitude search ~D$pattern	zypper search --requires	equery depends
Display packages which conflict with given expression (often package). Search can be used as well to mimic this function.	pacman -Si or pacman -Qi	dnf repoquery --conflicts	aptitude search '~C$pattern'
List all packages which are required for the given package, aka show dependencies.	pacman -Si or pacman -Qi	dnf repoquery --requires or repoquery -R	apt-cache depends or apt-cache show	zypper info --requires	emerge -ep
List what the current package provides	pacman -Sii or pacman -Qii	dnf repoquery --provides	dpkg -s or aptitude show	zypper info --provides	equery files or qlist
List all packages that require a particular package	pacman -Sii	dnf repoquery --installed --alldeps --whatrequires	aptitude search ~D{depends,recommends,suggests}:$pattern or aptitude why	zypper search --requires	equery depends -a
Display all packages that the specified packages obsoletes.	pacman -Si or pacman -Qi	dnf list obsoletes	apt-cache show
Generates an output suitable for processing with dotty for the given package(s).			apt-cache dotty

Installation sources management

Action	Arch	Red Hat/Fedora	Debian/Ubuntu	SLES/openSUSE	Gentoo
Installation sources management	edit /etc/pacman.conf	edit /etc/yum.repos.d/${REPO}.repo	edit /etc/apt/sources.list	edit /etc/zypp/repos.d/${REPO}.repo	layman or eselect repository
Add an installation source to the system. Some tools provide additional commands for certain sources, others allow all types of source URI for the add command. Again others, like apt force editing a sources list. apt-cdrom is a special command, which offers special options design for CDs/DVDs as source.	edit /etc/pacman.conf	dnf config-manager	apt-cdrom add	zypper ar <URL or .repo file>	layman or overlays
Refresh the information about the specified installation source(s) or all installation sources.	pacman -Sy (always upgrade the whole system afterwards)	dnf clean expire-cache and then dnf check-update	apt-get update	zypper refresh or zypper ref	emerge --sync or layman -S
Prints a list of all installation sources including important information like URI, alias etc.	cat /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist	cat /etc/yum.repos.d/*	apt-cache policy	zypper repos or zypper lr	layman -l or eselect repository list
List all packages from a certain repo	paclist <repo>			zypper search -r <repo> or zypper se -r <repo>	eix --in-overlay
Disable an installation source for an operation		dnf --disablerepo=			emerge package::repo-to-use
Download packages from a different version of the distribution than the one installed.	pacman -S repo_name/package	dnf --releasever=	apt-get install -t release package or apt-get install package/release (dependencies not covered)	zypper install -r <repo> package	echo "category/package ~amd64" >> /etc/portage/package.keywords and then emerge package

Overrides

Action	Arch	Red Hat/Fedora	Debian/Ubuntu	SLES/openSUSE	Gentoo
Add a package lock rule to keep its current state from being changed	edit /etc/pacman.conf modifying IgnorePkg array	edit dnf.conf adding/amending the exclude option	apt-mark hold pkg	zypper al or put package name in /etc/zypp/locks	/etc/portage/package.mask
Delete a package lock rule	edit /etc/pacman.conf removing package from IgnorePkg line		apt-mark unhold pkg	zypper rl or remove package name from /etc/zypp/locks	/etc/portage/package.mask (or package.unmask)
Show a listing of all lock rules	cat /etc/pacman.conf		/etc/apt/preferences	zypper ll or view /etc/zypp/locks	cat /etc/portage/package.mask
Set the priority of the given package to avoid upgrade, force downgrade or to overwrite any default behavior. Can also be used to prefer a package version from a certain installation source.	edit /etc/pacman.conf modifying HoldPkg and/or IgnorePkg arrays		/etc/apt/preferences, apt-cache policy	zypper mr -p	edit /etc/portage/package.accept_keywords adding a line with =category/package-version
Remove a previously set priority			/etc/apt/preferences	zypper mr -p	edit /etc/portage/package.accept_keywords removing offending line
Show a list of set priorities			apt-cache policy or /etc/apt/preferences	zypper lr -p	grep -r . /etc/portage/package.accept_keywords
Ignore problems that priorities may trigger.				n/a

Verification and repair

Action	Arch	Red Hat/Fedora	Debian/Ubuntu	SLES/openSUSE	Gentoo
验证单个软件包	pacman -Qk (can add another k)	rpm -V	debsums	rpm -V	equery check
验证所有软件包	pacman -Qk (can add another k)	rpm -Va	debsums	rpm -Va	equery check
重新安装给定的软件包。 this will reinstall the given package without dependency hassle	pacman -S	dnf reinstall	apt install --reinstall	zypper install --force	emerge -1O
验证整个系统的依赖关系; used if installation process was forcefully killed	pacman -Dk	dnf repoquery --requires	apt-get check	zypper verify	emerge -uDN @world
使用一些魔法来修理损坏的依赖关系	for pacman dependency level, use pacman -Dk; for shared library level, use findbrokenpkgsAUR or lddd (from devtools包)	dnf repoquery --unsatisfied	apt-get --fix-broken and then aptitude install	zypper verify	revdep-rebuild
Add a checkpoint to the package system for later rollback		(unnecessary, it is done on every transaction)		n/a
Remove a checkpoint from the system	n/a	n/a		n/a
Provide a list of all system checkpoints	n/a	dnf history list		n/a
Rolls entire packages back to a certain date or checkpoint	n/a	dnf history rollback		n/a
Undo a single specified transaction	n/a	dnf history undo		n/a

Using package files and building packages

Action	Arch	Red Hat/Fedora	Debian/Ubuntu	SLES/openSUSE	Gentoo
Query a package supplied on the command line rather than an entry in the package management database	pacman -Qp	rpm -qp	dpkg -I
List the contents of a package file	pacman -Qpl	rpmls rpm -qpl	dpkg -c	rpm -qpl
Install local package file, e.g. app.rpm and uses the installation sources to resolve dependencies	pacman -U	dnf install	apt install	zypper in	emerge
Updates package(s) with local packages and uses the installation sources to resolve dependencies	pacman -U	dnf upgrade	debi		emerge
Add a local package to the local package cache mostly for debugging purposes.	cp package-filename /var/cache/pacman/pkg/		apt-cache add package-filename	n/a	cp package-filename /usr/portage/distfiles
解包一个软件包	tar -xvf	rpm2cpio | cpio -vid	dpkg-deb -x	rpm2cpio | cpio -vid	tar -jxvf
Install/Remove packages to satisfy build-dependencies. Uses information in the source package	Use ABS and makepkg -seoc	dnf builddep	apt-get build-dep	zypper si -d	emerge -o
Display the source package to the given package name(s)		dnf repoquery -s	apt-cache showsrc	n/a
Download the corresponding source package(s) to the given package name(s)	Use ABS and makepkg -o	dnf download --source	apt-get source or debcheckout	zypper source-install	emerge --fetchonly
构建一个软件包	makepkg -s	rpmbuild -ba (normal) or mock (in chroot)	debuild	rpmbuild -ba, then build, and then osc build	ebuild or quickpkg
检查可能的打包问题	namcap (requires namcap包)	rpmlint	lintian	rpmlint	repoman

Log file rotation

By default, Arch Linux does not rotate pacman.log. See, for example, FS#11272 and FS#20428#comment66480. This is in contrast to the default policy of most other Linux distributions. Some distributions, notably Gentoo, hardly write log files by default.

See also

• Changes in DNF CLI compared to Yum