多引导USB设备

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相关文章

• GRUB
• Syslinux
• Archiso

多引导USB启动盘可以从单个设备引导多个ISO镜像文件。ISO镜像文件可以不需要解压复制到U盘上就可以启动。以下有多种可用的方案，但不一定兼容所有ISO镜像。

GRUB引导器及loopback devices实现

优点:

• 仅需要一个分区
• 所有ISO文件镜像可在同一个文件夹下被检测到
• 易于添加或移除ISO镜像文件

缺点:

• 并非所有镜像兼容
• ISO文件原本的启动菜单不会显示
• 找到可用的启动项可能并不容易

准备

在USB设备上创建至少一个分区和一个GRUB支持的文件系统。分区的大小取决与要存储在其中的ISO文件大小和引导程序所计划需要的空间。

安装 GRUB引导器

简单安装

挂载U盘:

# mount /dev/sdXY /mnt

U盘上创建 /boot文件夹:

# mkdir /mnt/boot

安装GRUB到U盘:

# grub-install --target=i386-pc --recheck --boot-directory=/mnt/boot /dev/sdX

如果以UEFI启动镜像, 你需要按UEFI方式安装GRUB:

# grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --removable --boot-directory=/mnt/boot --efi-directory=/mnt

对于UEFI, 引导分区必须是FAT32格式, 且启动分区必须是MBR分区表中的第一个分区.

混合 UEFI GPT + BIOS GPT/MBR 启动

以下有用的配置可以帮助您创建一份可以在任意地方启动的通用U盘。首先，您必须在您的设备上创建一份 GPT 分区。您至少需要以下三个分区：

1. 一个BIOS启动分区（gdisk代号编码 EF02），该分区至少需要1 MiB的大小。
2. 一个EFI系统分区（gdisk代号编码EF00且它使用FAT32文件系统），该分区至少需要50 MiB的大小。
3. 您自己的数据分区（使用GRUB支持的文件系统)，该分区的大小是由您硬盘的剩余空间容量来决定的。

接下来您必须创建一个MBR混合分区表。如果没有它，一个仅BIOS MBR引导启动的电脑将无法启动。因为它无法寻找到硬盘里的实例以启动。

以下是一个使用gdisk创建MBR混合分区表的例子：

# gdisk /dev/sdX

Command (? for help): r
Recovery/transformation command (? for help): h

WARNING! Hybrid MBRs are flaky and dangerous! If you decide not to use one,
just hit the Enter key at the below prompt and your MBR partition table will
be untouched.

Type from one to three GPT partition numbers, separated by spaces, to be added to the hybrid MBR, in sequence: 1 2 3
Place EFI GPT (0xEE) partition first in MBR (good for GRUB)? (Y/N): N

Creating entry for GPT partition #1 (MBR partition #1)
Enter an MBR hex code (default EF): 
Set the bootable flag? (Y/N): N

Creating entry for GPT partition #2 (MBR partition #2)
Enter an MBR hex code (default EF): 
Set the bootable flag? (Y/N): N

Creating entry for GPT partition #3 (MBR partition #3)
Enter an MBR hex code (default 83): 
Set the bootable flag? (Y/N): Y

Recovery/transformation command (? for help): x
Expert command (? for help): h
Expert command (? for help): w

Final checks complete. About to write GPT data. THIS WILL OVERWRITE EXISTING
PARTITIONS!!

Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): Y

注意 Hybird MBR 只可以输入三个分区。

不要忘了格式化这些分区：

# mkfs.fat -F32 /dev/sdX2
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdX3

您现在可以安装GRUB以同时支持EFI + GPT引导以及BIOS + GPT/MBR引导。GRUB配置(--boot-directory）将会被保持在同一个地方。

首先，您需要挂载您USB驱动器上的EFI系统分区和数据分区。

以下是如何挂载的例子：

# mount /dev/sdX3 /mnt
# mkdir -p /mnt/boot/EFI
# mount /dev/sdX2 /mnt/boot/EFI

然后，您就可以在UEFI上安装GRUB：

在大多数案例中，EFI_MOUNTPOINT将会对应至您所挂载的U盘上的/mnt/boot/EFI这个子目录中。

# grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --recheck --removable --efi-directory=/EFI_MOUNTPOINT --boot-directory=/DATA_MOUNTPOINT/boot

在BIOS上安装GRUB：

# grub-install --target=i386-pc --recheck --boot-directory=/DATA_MOUNTPOINT/boot /dev/sdX

作为后备处理，您也可以把GRUB安装进您的MBR启动分区里面。

# grub-install --target=i386-pc --recheck --boot-directory=/DATA_MOUNTPOINT/boot /dev/sdX3

配置 GRUB

参考模板

There are some git projects which provide some pre-existing GRUB configuration files, and a nice generic grub.cfg which can be used to load the other boot entries on demand, showing them only if the specified ISO files - or folders containing them - are present on the drive.

Multiboot USB: https://github.com/hackerncoder/multibootusb

GLIM (GRUB2 Live ISO Multiboot): https://github.com/thias/glim

手动配置

For the purpose of multiboot USB drive it is easier to edit grub.cfg by hand instead of generating it. Alternatively, make the following changes in /etc/grub.d/40_custom or /mnt/boot/grub/custom.cfg and generate /mnt/boot/grub/grub.cfg using grub-mkconfig.

As it is recommend to use a persistent name instead of /dev/sdxY to identify the partition on the USB drive where the image files are located, define a variable for convenience to hold the value. If the ISO images are on the same partition as GRUB, use the following to read the UUID at boot time:

/mnt/boot/grub/grub.cfg

# path to the partition holding ISO images (using UUID)
probe -u $root --set=rootuuid
set imgdevpath="/dev/disk/by-uuid/$rootuuid"

Or specify the UUID explicitly:

/mnt/boot/grub/grub.cfg

# path to the partition holding ISO images (using UUID)
set imgdevpath="/dev/disk/by-uuid/UUID_value"

Alternatively, use the device label instead of UUID:

/mnt/boot/grub/grub.cfg

# path to the partition holding ISO images (using labels)
set imgdevpath="/dev/disk/by-label/label_value"

The necessary UUID or label can be found using lsblk -f. Do not use the same label as the Arch ISO for the USB device, otherwise the boot process will fail.

To complete the configuration, a boot entry for each ISO image has to be added below this header, see the next section for examples.

启动项

It is assumed that the ISO images are stored in the boot/iso/ directory on the same filesystem where GRUB is installed. Otherwise it would be necessary to prefix the path to ISO file with device identification when using the loopback command, for example loopback loop (hd1,2)$isofile. As this identification of devices is not persistent, it is not used in the examples in this section.

One can use persistent block device naming like so. Replace the UUID according to your ISO filesystem UUID.

# define globally (i.e outside any menuentry)
insmod search_fs_uuid
search --no-floppy --set=isopart --fs-uuid 123-456
# later use inside each menuentry instead
loopback loop ($isopart)$isofile

提示： For a list of kernel parameters, see the kernel's command-line parameter documentation. For more examples of boot entries, see the GRUB upstream documentation or the documentation for the distribution you wish to boot.

Arch Linux monthly release

Also see archiso.

menuentry '[loopback]archlinux-2020.10.01-x86_64.iso' {
	set isofile='/boot/iso/archlinux-2020.10.01-x86_64.iso'
	loopback loop $isofile
	linux (loop)/arch/boot/x86_64/vmlinuz-linux img_dev=$imgdevpath img_loop=$isofile earlymodules=loop
	initrd (loop)/arch/boot/intel-ucode.img (loop)/arch/boot/amd-ucode.img (loop)/arch/boot/x86_64/initramfs-linux.img
}

See README.bootparams for archiso options supported in kernel command line.

Memtest86+

Memtest86+^{[损坏的链接：无效的章节]} is included in the monthly ISO.

menuentry '[loopback]archlinux-2020.10.01-x86_64.iso' {
	set isofile='/boot/iso/archlinux-2020.10.01-x86_64.iso'
	loopback loop $isofile
	linux16 (loop)/arch/boot/memtest
}

archboot

See Archboot Homepage.

menuentry '[loopback]archlinux-2014.11-1-archboot' {
	set isofile='/boot/iso/archlinux-2014.11-1-archboot.iso'
	loopback loop $isofile
	linux (loop)/boot/vmlinuz_x86_64 iso_loop_dev=$imgdevpath iso_loop_path=$isofile
	initrd (loop)/boot/initramfs_x86_64.img
}

Syslinux和memdisk实现

Using the memdisk module, the ISO image is loaded into memory, and its bootloader is loaded. Make sure that the system that will boot this USB drive has sufficient amount of memory for the image file and running operating system.

准备

Make sure that the USB drive is properly partitioned and that there is a partition with file system supported by Syslinux, for example fat32 or ext4. Then install Syslinux to this partition, see Syslinux#Installation on BIOS.

安装 memdisk 模块

The memdisk module was not installed during Syslinux installation, it has to be installed manually. Mount the partition where Syslinux is installed to /mnt/ and copy the memdisk module to the same directory where Syslinux is installed:

# cp /usr/lib/syslinux/bios/memdisk /mnt/boot/syslinux/

配置

After copying the ISO files on the USB drive, edit the Syslinux configuration file and create menu entries for the ISO images. The basic entry looks like this:

boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg

LABEL some_label
    LINUX memdisk
    INITRD /path/to/image.iso
    APPEND iso

See memdisk on Syslinux wiki for more configuration options.

自动制作工具实现(开源软件)

• GRUB2 Live ISO Multiboot (GLIM) — A set of GRUB configuration files to turn a VFAT formatted USB memory stick with GNU/Linux distribution ISO images into a multiboot USB drive.

https://github.com/thias/glim || not packaged? search in AUR

• liveusb-builder — A script suite to create multiboot USB stick for GNU/Linux distributions

https://github.com/mytbk/liveusb-builder || liveusb-builder-git^AUR

• MultiBootUSB — 一个具有CLI和GUI界面的跨平台Python软件，可添加或删除多个Linux LIVE映像环境到U盘。

https://github.com/mbusb/multibootusb || multibootusb^AUR

• MultiSystem — 一个图形化工具，可添加或删除多个Linux LIVE映像环境到U盘。

http://liveusb.info/dotclear/ || multisystem^AUR

• Ventoy — 一个开源工具，为ISO/WIM/IMG/VHD(x)/EFI文件创建可引导的USB驱动器。不需要一遍又一遍格式化磁盘，只需要复制文件到U盘即可启动。

https://www.ventoy.net/ || ventoy-bin^AUR

更多参考

• GRUB:
  • https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2/ISOBoot/Examples
  • https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2/ISOBoot
  • GRUB Live ISO Multiboot - GRUB configurations for booting ISO images
• Syslinux:
  • Boot an ISO image