核心工具

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附注： 请完成翻译。（在 Talk:核心工具# 中讨论）

相关文章

核心工具 是 GNU/Linux 系统基本、基础的工具。本文提供对它们不完整的概览、链接文档并描述有用的替代品。本文的范围包括，但不限于 GNU coreutils。大多数核心工具都是传统的 Unix 工具，它们中的许多已由 POSIX 标准化，但已进一步发展，从而提供更多功能。

大多数命令行界面的文档都在 man page 中，来自 GNU 项目 的工具的文档主要在 Info manual 中，一些 shell 为内置命令提供了 help 命令。另外，大多数命令在使用 --help 标志运行时会显示自身的使用说明。

基础[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

下表列出了一些 Arch Linux 用户应当熟悉的重要的工具。另请参见 intro(1)。

包 工具 描述 文档 替代品
shell 内置 cd 变更目录 cd(1p) #cd alternatives[损坏的链接：无效的章节]
GNU coreutils包 ls 列出目录 ls(1), info tree包, #ls alternatives[损坏的链接：无效的章节]
cat 将文件拼接到 stdout cat(1), info tac(1), bat包
mkdir 创建目录 mkdir(1), info
rmdir 删除空目录 rmdir(1), info
rm 删除文件或目录 rm(1), info shred
cp 复制文件或目录 cp(1), info #cp alternatives[损坏的链接：无效的章节]
mv 移动文件或目录 mv(1), info
ln 创建硬链接或符号链接 ln(1), info
chown 改变文件所有者和组 chown(1), info chgrp(1)
chmod 改变文件权限 chmod(1), info
dd 转换并复制文件 dd(1), info
df 报告文件系统磁盘空间使用情况 df(1), info
du 估算文件和文件夹占用的空间 du(1), info #du alternatives
GNU tar包 tar tar 归档程序 tar(1), info 归档与压缩
GNU less包 less 终端分页程序 less(1) 终端翻页器
GNU findutils包 find 搜索文件或目录 find(1), info, GregsWiki #find alternatives[损坏的链接：无效的章节]
GNU diffutils包 diff 逐行比对文件 diff(1), info #diff alternatives[损坏的链接：无效的章节]
GNU grep包 grep 打印匹配模式的行 grep(1), info #grep alternatives[损坏的链接：无效的章节]
GNU sed包 sed 流编辑器 sed(1), info, one-liners
GNU gawk包 awk 模式扫描和处理语言 gawk(1), info nawk包, mawkAUR
util-linux包 dmesg print or control the kernel ring buffer dmesg(1) systemd 日志
lsblk 列出块设备 lsblk(8)
mount 挂载文件系统 mount(8)
umount 卸载文件系统 umount(8)
su 替换用户 su(1) sudo, opendoas包
kill 中止进程 kill(1) pkill(1), killall(1)
procps-ng包 pgrep 根据名称或属性查找进程 pgrep(1) pidof(1)
ps 显示进程信息 ps(1) top(1), htop包
free 显示已用和可用的内存 free(1)

防止数据损失[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

rm、mv、cp 和 shell 重定向无需确认即可删除或覆盖文件。rm、mv 和 cp 都支持 -i 标志以在删除/覆盖前提醒用户。一些用户喜欢通过 alias 默认启用 -i。依赖这些 shell 选项可能很危险，因为你会习惯于它们，从而在你使用没有它们的系统或用户时导致潜在的数据损失。防止数据损失的最好办法是创建备份。

非关键[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

此表格列出了常常很有用的核心工具。

包 工具 描述 文档 替代品
shell 内置
alias 定义或显示别名 alias(1p)
type 打印命令的类型 type(1p) command(1p), whereis(1), which(1)
time 记录命令执行时间 time(1p)
GNU coreutils包 tee 读取 stdin，写入 stdout 和文件 tee(1), info pee(1)
mktemp 创建临时文件或目录 mktemp(1), info
mknod create named pipe or device node mknod(1), mkfifo(1), info
truncate shrink or extend the size of a file truncate(1), info fallocate(1)
basenc encoding input and output it basenc(1), base64(1), info
cut 打印选中的行 cut(1), info colrm(1), hck包, choose包
tr 转换或删除字符 tr(1), info uconv(1)
od 以 8 进制或其他格式转储文件 od(1), info hexdump(1), vim's xxd(1)
sort 给行排序 sort(1), info
uniq 报告或忽略重复的行 uniq(1), info anewer包, runiqAUR, huniq-gitAUR
comm 逐行比对两个有序的文件 comm(1), info zetAUR
head 输出文件的前一部分 head(1), info
join join lines of two inputs on a common field join(1), info combine(1) zetAUR
md5sum calculate cryptography hash functions of inputs and output sha256sum(1), sha512sum(1), info shasum(1), hashdeep(1), rhash(1)
tail output the last part of files, or follow files tail(1), info
wc 输出换行、单词和字节数 wc(1), info
GNU binutils包 strings 打印二进制文件中可打印的字符 strings(1), info stringsextAUR
util-linux包 column columnate file, optionally pretty-printing in table with grid column(1) paste(1), csviewAUR
GNU findutils包 xargs combine or template arguments from stdin to invoke external command xargs(1) parallel(1) (parallel_alternatives(7))
GNU glibc包 iconv 转换字符编码 iconv(1) recode包, uconv(1)
GNU sharutils包 uudecode encode file into email friendly text uuencode(1), uudecode(1), info uudeview(1)
file包 file 猜测文件类型 file(1)

moreutils包 包提供了 GNU coreutils 中没有的有用的工具，例如 sponge(1)。

替代品[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

Alternative core utilities are provided by the following packages:

  • BusyBox — Utilities for rescue and embedded systems.
https://busybox.net || busybox包
  • Toybox — An all-in-one Linux command line.
https://landley.net/toybox || toyboxAUR
  • uutils — Cross-platform Rust rewrite of the GNU coreutils.
https://github.com/uutils/coreutils || uutils-coreutils包
  • Heirloom Toolchest — Traditional implementations of standard Unix utilities.
https://heirloom.sourceforge.net || heirloom-shAUR, heirloom-doctoolsAUR
  • 9base — A port of various original Plan9 tools to unix.
https://tools.suckless.org/9base || 9base包
  • sbase — A suckless variant of the *nix core utilities.
https://core.suckless.org/sbase || sbase-gitAUR
  • ubase — An extension of the sbase utilities.
https://core.suckless.org/ubase || ubase-gitAUR

cat 替代品[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

  • bat — 支持语法高亮和 Git 集成的 cat 克隆。
https://github.com/sharkdp/bat || bat包

cd 替代品[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

  • zoxide — A smart cd command that learns your habits, allowing you to navigate anywhere in just a few keystrokes.
https://github.com/ajeetdsouza/zoxide || zoxide包
  • autojump — A faster way to navigate your filesystem from the command line.
https://github.com/wting/autojump || autojumpAUR

See also Bash#Auto "cd" when entering just a path and Zsh#Remembering recent directories.

cp 替代品[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

Using rsync#As cp/mv alternative allows you to resume a failed transfer, to show the transfer status, to skip already existing files and to make sure of the destination files integrity using checksums.

ls 替代品[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

  • broot — A new way to see and navigate directory trees.
https://github.com/Canop/broot || broot包
  • clifm — A file manager that can list files like ls(1) would (plus icons and RGB colors support).
https://github.com/leo-arch/clifm/wiki/Advanced#files-lister-ls-mode || clifmAUR
  • exa — Another ls replacement with color support, tree view, git integration and other features.
https://github.com/ogham/exa || exa包
  • lsd — Modern ls with a lot of pretty colors and awesome icons.
https://github.com/Peltoche/lsd || lsd包

find 替代品[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

  • fd — Simple, fast and user-friendly alternative to find. Ignores hidden and .gitignore'd files by default.
https://github.com/sharkdp/fd || fd包
  • fuzzy-find — Fuzzy completion for finding files.
https://github.com/silentbicycle/ff || ff-gitAUR
  • mlocate — Merging locate/updatedb implementation.
https://pagure.io/mlocate || mlocate包
  • plocate — A much faster locate.
https://plocate.sesse.net/ || plocate包

For graphical file searchers, see List of applications/Utilities#File searching.

diff 替代品[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

While diffutils包 does not provide a word-wise diff, several other programs do:

  • git diff can do a word diff with --color-words, using --no-index it can also be used for files outside of Git working trees.
  • cwdiff — A GNU wdiff wrapper that colorizes the output.
https://github.com/junghans/cwdiff || cwdiffAUR
  • git-delta — A syntax-highlighting pager for git, diff, and grep output.
https://dandavison.github.io/delta/ || git-delta包
  • dwdiff — A word diff front-end for the diff program; supports colors.
https://os.ghalkes.nl/dwdiff.html || dwdiff包
  • icdiff — A colorized diff tool written in Python. "Improved color diff" is meant to supplement normal diff use.
https://github.com/jeffkaufman/icdiff || icdiffAUR
  • wdiff — A wordwise implementation of GNU diff; does not support colors.
https://www.gnu.org/software/wdiff/ || wdiff包

See also List of applications/Utilities#Comparison, diff, merge.

grep 替代品[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

  • mgrep — 多行 grep。
https://sourceforge.net/projects/multiline-grep/ || mgrepAUR
  • pdfgrep — 在 PDF 文件中搜索文本的工具。
https://pdfgrep.org/ || pdfgrep包
  • ripgrep-all — Search in plain text and also in PDFs, E-Books, Office documents, zip, tar.gz.
https://github.com/phiresky/ripgrep-all || ripgrep-all包
  • agrep — 近似搜索。
https://laurikari.net/tre || tre包

代码搜索工具[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

以下 3 个工具旨在在代码搜索方面替代 grep。它们默认执行递归搜索、跳过二进制文件并遵守 .gitignore。

  • ack — 基于 Perl 的 grep 替代品，为搜索大量异构的源码树而生。
https://beyondgrep.com/ || ack包
  • ripgrep (rg) — 结合了 ag 的易用性和 grep 的速度。
https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep || ripgrep包
  • The Silver Searcher (ag) — 类似 Ack 的代码搜索工具，不过更快。
https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher || the_silver_searcher包
  • ugrep (ug) — Ultrafast grep with interactive user interface, fuzzy search, boolean queries, hexdumps and more.
https://github.com/Genivia/ugrep || ugrep包

交互式过滤器[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

  • fzf — General-purpose command-line fuzzy finder, powered by find by default.
https://github.com/junegunn/fzf || fzf包
  • fzy — A fast, simple fuzzy text selector with an advanced scoring algorithm.
https://github.com/jhawthorn/fzy || fzy包
  • peco — Simplistic interactive filtering tool.
https://github.com/peco/peco || peco包
  • percol — Adds flavor of interactive filtering to the traditional pipe concept of the UNIX shell.
https://github.com/mooz/percol || percolAUR
  • skim — Fuzzy finder written in Rust, similar to fzf.
https://github.com/lotabout/skim || skim包

dd alternatives[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

这篇文章的某些内容需要扩充。

原因： ddrescue should be added to a list below and briefly described. Given the name similarity, it would be nice to mention the differences from dd_rescue. (在 Talk:核心工具 中讨论)

See also: dd and ddrescue

Alternative dd implementations[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

This subsection lists dd implementations whose interface and default behaviour is mostly compliant with the POSIX specification of dd(1p).

  • ddpt — A portable rewrite of sg_dd(8) by the SCSI subsystem maintainer of the Linux kernel, with optional but very specialised hardware I/O (SCSI command sets) support, plus many other features.
http://sg.danny.cz/sg/ddpt.html || ddptAUR
  • sdd — A dd implementation portable across UNIX environments by Joerg Schilling, that can checksum the copied data and retry reading bad blocks.
https://schilytools.sourceforge.net/ || schily-tools-sddAUR
Spin-offs of GNU dd[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

The GNU implementation of dd found in coreutils包 also conforms to POSIX. This subsection lists its forks.

  • dcfldd — feature-enhanced fork of GNU dd for forensics and security scenarios, includes on-the-fly hashing capability, flexible wipes, write verification, output to multiple targets at the same time, split and piped output.
http://dcfldd.sourceforge.net || dcflddAUR
  • dc3dd — Another patched version of GNU dd from the United States Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center (DC3), with similar goals and features to dcfldd.
https://sourceforge.net/projects/dc3dd/ || dc3ddAUR

Modernised dd analogues[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

This subsection lists dd alternatives that do not conform to POSIX (in terms of the JCL-resembling command-line syntax and default behaviour).

  • dd_rescue — A feature-packed, modernised dd analogue that is suitable for daily scripting, disk cloning, and data recovery.
http://www.garloff.de/kurt/linux/ddrescue/ || dd_rescue包
  • rw — Minimal and portable dd analogue with conventional command-line flags.
https://sortix.org/rw/ || rwAUR

buffer spin-offs[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

This subsection lists forks of bufferAUR, a general-purpose I/O buffering utility similar to dd but has a dynamic-sized buffer. It supports blockwise I/O and can be used when dumping from/to an LTO-tape to avoid shoe shining.

  • mbuffer — Continuation of the buffer utility with threading and other features.
https://www.maier-komor.de/mbuffer.html || mbuffer包

df alternatives[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

  • duf — A disk usage/free utility.
https://github.com/muesli/duf || duf包

du alternatives[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

  • dust — A more intuitive version of du, in rust.
https://github.com/bootandy/dust || dust包
  • ncdu — Simple ncurses disk usage analyzer.
https://dev.yorhel.nl/ncdu || ncdu包
  • gdu — Disk usage analyzer with console interface, written in Go.
https://github.com/Dundee/gdu || gdu包

See also List of applications/Utilities#Disk usage display.

参阅[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

取自“https://wiki.archlinuxcn.org/wzh/index.php?title=核心工具&oldid=23314”