在终端输出彩色

本文内容或本节内容已经过期。

原因： 请提供模板的第一个位置参数以概括原因。 (在Talk:在终端输出彩色讨论)

本文或本节需要翻译。要贡献翻译，请访问简体中文翻译团队。

附注： Not translated yet.（在 Talk:在终端输出彩色# 中讨论）

diff[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

diffutils from version 3.4 includes the --color option (GNU mailing list).

$ alias diff 'diff --color=auto'

Alternatively, the following wrappers can be used:

colordiff — A Perl script wrapper for 'diff' that produces the same output but with pretty 'syntax' highlighting

https://www.colordiff.org/ || colordiff^包

cwdiff — A (w)diff wrapper to support directories and colorize the output

https://github.com/junghans/cwdiff || cwdiff^AUR, cwdiff-git^AUR

less[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

环境变量[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

请在您的 shell 配置文件添加：

~/.bashrc

export LESS=-R
export LESS_TERMCAP_mb=$'\E[1;31m'
export LESS_TERMCAP_md=$'\E[1;36m'
export LESS_TERMCAP_me=$'\E[0m'
export LESS_TERMCAP_se=$'\E[0m'
export LESS_TERMCAP_so=$'\E[01;44;33m'
export LESS_TERMCAP_ue=$'\E[0m'
export LESS_TERMCAP_us=$'\E[1;32m'

值随您所愿修改，请参照：ANSI escape code。

注意： The LESS_TERMCAL_xx variables is currently undocumented in less(1), for a detailed explanation on these sequences, see this answer.

Wrappers[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

您可直接开启less内置的代码高亮。先安装软件包 source-highlight^包，再在您的Shell配置文件里添加以下：

~/.bashrc

export LESSOPEN="| /usr/bin/source-highlight-esc.sh %s"
export LESS='-R '

经常使用命令行界面的用户可以安装lesspipe^包。

用户可以使用以下 less 命令列出一个压缩包里的文件列表：

$ less compressed_file.tar.gz

==> use tar_file:contained_file to view a file in the archive
-rw------- username/group  695 2008-01-04 19:24 compressed_file/content1
-rw------- username/group   43 2007-11-07 11:17 compressed_file/content2
compressed_file.tar.gz (END)

lesspipe还被赋予less对文件而不仅是压缩包进行交互的能力，从而成为打开某一种文件的一个新工具（比如用来代替python-html2text^包查看html文件。

安装完lesspipe后需重新登录以激活其功能，或者运行

source /etc/profile.d/lesspipe.sh

读取标准输入时彩色化输出[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

注意： 建议将这些 #环境变量添加到 ~/.bashrc or ~/.zshrc. 因为本节完全基于: export LESS=R 写成

当你运行一个命令和使用管道连接标准输出 (stdout) 到 less 作为分页视图 (e.g. yaourt -Qe --date | less), 你也许会发现输出不再是彩色化的. 这通常是因为该程序试图检测如果其 stdout 是交互式终端, 在这种情况下将输出彩色化文本,否则输出未着色文本. 当你想重定向 stdout 到一个文件中，这是一个很好的行为, e.g. yaourt -Qe --date > pkglst-backup.txt. 但是，当你想在 less 浏览输出时这将不是很好的行为.

一些程序提供禁用交互式 tty 检测的选项:

# dmesg --color=always | less

如果程序不提供任何类似选项，可以欺骗程序相信stdout 是交互式终端，有几种可行方式:

stdoutisatty 是一个用c写成的小程序, 它可以调用 "fake interactive tty". 你可以通过 AUR: stdoutisatty^AUR安装. 用法示例:

$ stdoutisatty yaourt -Qe --date | less

unbuffer 是一个基于 sh 和 Tcl 的很好的 (手册比程序本身还要长), 古老的脚本. unbuffer 附带 expect^包. 我们只需要这样使用:

$ unbuffer yaourt -Qe --date | less

zpty 是 zsh 的一个模块, 这里有一个来自依云[2] 的小函数, 将其放入 ~/.zshrc:

~/.zshrc

zmodload zsh/zpty

pty() {
	zpty pty-${UID} ${1+$@}
	if [[ ! -t 1 ]];then
		setopt local_traps
		trap '' INT
	fi
	zpty -r pty-${UID}
	zpty -d pty-${UID}
}

ptyless() {
	pty $@ | less
}

用法:

$ ptyless program

通过管道转接到其它程序 (less in this example):

$ pty program | less

ls[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

可以使用一个简单的命令别名启用彩色输出功能，~/.bashrc文件应该已经有一句从/etc/skel/.bashrc复制过来的指定别名命令：

alias ls='ls --color=auto'

以下步骤可以进一步改进ls的彩色输出功能，比如损坏的符号链接显示为红色，把以下内容添加到~/.bashrc，然后重新登录，或者把脚本source一下：

eval $(dircolors -b)

man[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

对很多人来说，彩色手册页比黑白的更加易于大脑消化吸收。

有两种常用的实现man手册页彩色显示的方法：使用 most 或 less .

使用 less[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

You can set various LESS_TERMCAP_* environment variables to change how it highlights text. For example, LESS_TERMCAP_md is used for bold text and LESS_TERMCAP_me is used to reset to normal text formatting[3].

In Bash, the escape sequences you can use are the same ones from Bash/Prompt customization and these variables can be defined in a function wrapping the man command:

~/.bashrc

man() {
    LESS_TERMCAP_md=$'\e[01;31m' \
    LESS_TERMCAP_me=$'\e[0m' \
    LESS_TERMCAP_se=$'\e[0m' \
    LESS_TERMCAP_so=$'\e[01;44;33m' \
    LESS_TERMCAP_ue=$'\e[0m' \
    LESS_TERMCAP_us=$'\e[01;32m' \
    command man "$@"
}

For Fish you could accomplish this with:

~/.config/fish/config.fish

set -xU LESS_TERMCAP_md (printf "\e[01;31m")
set -xU LESS_TERMCAP_me (printf "\e[0m")
set -xU LESS_TERMCAP_se (printf "\e[0m")
set -xU LESS_TERMCAP_so (printf "\e[01;44;33m")
set -xU LESS_TERMCAP_ue (printf "\e[0m")
set -xU LESS_TERMCAP_us (printf "\e[01;32m")

Remember to source your config or restart your shell to make the changes take effect.

For a detailed explanation on these variables, see this answer. Bash/Prompt customization#Examples has some (non-Bash-specific) examples of escape sequences that can be used.

Using most[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

The basic function of 'most' is similar to less and more, but it has a smaller feature set. Configuring most to use colors is easier than using less, but additional configuration is necessary to make most behave like less.

用 pacman 安装软件包 most^包.

编辑文件/etc/man_db.conf，去掉pager项的注释并修改为：

DEFINE     pager     most -s

然后测试一下：

$ man whatever_man_page

通过修改~/.mostrc（不存在的话请自行创建）或全局配置文件 /etc/most.conf。示例~/.mostrc:

% Color settings
color normal lightgray black
color status yellow blue
color underline yellow black
color overstrike brightblue black

以下示例配置使用类似less的快捷键：

% less-like keybindings
unsetkey "^K"
unsetkey "g"
unsetkey "G"
unsetkey ":"

setkey next_file ":n"
setkey find_file ":e"
setkey next_file ":p"
setkey toggle_options ":o"
setkey toggle_case ":c"
setkey delete_file ":d"
setkey exit ":q"

setkey bob "g"
setkey eob "G"
setkey down "e"
setkey down "E"
setkey down "j"
setkey down "^N"
setkey up "y"
setkey up "^Y"
setkey up "k"
setkey up "^P"
setkey up "^K"
setkey page_down "f"
setkey page_down "^F"
setkey page_up "b"
setkey page_up "^B"
setkey other_window "z"
setkey other_window "w"
setkey search_backward "?"
setkey bob "p"
setkey goto_mark "'"
setkey find_file "E"
setkey edit "v"

Using X resources[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

A quick way to add color to manual pages viewed on xterm^包/uxterm or rxvt-unicode^包 is to modify ~/.Xresources.

xterm[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

*VT100.colorBDMode:     true
*VT100.colorBD:         red
*VT100.colorULMode:     true
*VT100.colorUL:         cyan

which replaces the decorations with the colors. Also add:

*VT100.veryBoldColors: 6

if you want colors and decorations (bold or underline) at the same time. See xterm(1) for a description of the veryBoldColors resource.

rxvt-unicode[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

URxvt.colorIT:      #87af5f
URxvt.colorBD:      #d7d7d7
URxvt.colorUL:      #87afd7

Run:

$ xrdb -load ~/.Xresources

Launch a new xterm/uxterm or rxvt-unicode and you should see colorful man pages.

This combination puts colors to bold and underlined words in xterm/uxterm or to bold, underlined, and italicized text in rxvt-unicode. You can play with different combinations of these attributes (see the sources (archived) of this item).

pacman[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

Pacman has a color option. Uncomment the Color line in /etc/pacman.conf.

Wrappers for other programs[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

(most of them outdated but still functioning)

Universal wrappers with multiple preconfigured presets[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

rainbow — Colorize commands output or STDIN using patterns.
Presets: df, diff, env, host, ifconfig, java-stack-trace, jboss, jonas, md5sum, mvn2, mvn3, ping, tomcat, top, traceroute.

https://github.com/nicoulaj/rainbow || not packaged? search in AUR

grc — Yet another colouriser for beautifying your logfiles or output of commands.
Presets: configure, cvs, df, diff, esperanto, gcc, irclog, ldap, log, mount, netstat, ping, proftpd, traceroute, wdiff.

https://github.com/pengwynn/grc || grc^包

colorlogs — Colorize commands output or STDIN using patterns.
Presets: logs, git status, ant, maven.

https://github.com/memorius/colorlogs || not packaged? search in AUR

cope — A colourful wrapper for terminal programs.
Presets: acpi, arp, cc, df, dprofpp, fdisk, free, g++, gcc, id, ifconfig, ls, lspci, lsusb, make, md5sum, mpc, netstat, nm, nmap, nocope, ping, pmap, ps, readelf, route, screen, sha1sum, sha224sum, sha256sum, sha384sum, sha512sum, shasum, socklist, stat, strace, tcpdump, tracepath, traceroute, w, wget, who, xrandr.

https://github.com/yogan/cope || cope-git^AUR

cw — A non-intrusive real-time ANSI color wrapper for common unix-based commands.
Presets: arp, arping, auth.log@, blockdev, cal, cksum, clock, configure, cpuinfo@, crontab@, cw-pipe, cw-test.cgi, date, df, diff, dig, dmesg, du, env, figlet, file, find, finger, free, fstab@, fuser, g++, gcc, group@, groups, hdparm, hexdump, host, hosts@, id, ifconfig, inittab@, iptables, last, lastlog, lsattr, lsmod, lsof, ltrace-color, make, md5sum, meminfo@, messages@, mount, mpg123, netstat, nfsstat, nmap, nslookup, objdump, passwd@, ping, pmap, pmap_dump, praliases, profile@, protocols@, ps, pstree, quota, quotastats, resolv.conf@, route, routel, sdiff, services@, showmount, smbstatus, stat, strace-color, sysctl, syslog, tar, tcpdump, tracepath, traceroute, umount, uname, uptime, users, vmstat, w, wc, whereis, who, xferlog.

http://cwrapper.sourceforge.net/ || cw^AUR

Compilers[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

colorgcc — A Perl wrapper to colorize the output of compilers with warning/error messages matching the gcc output format

https://schlueters.de/colorgcc.html || colorgcc^包

Ping[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

prettyping — Add some great features to ping monitoring. A wrapper around the standard ping tool with the objective of making the output prettier, more colorful, more compact, and easier to read.

https://denilson.sa.nom.br/prettyping/ || prettyping^包

Make[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

colormake — A simple wrapper around make to make it's output more readable.

http://bre.klaki.net/programs/colormake/ || colormake^AUR, colormake-git^AUR

Libraries[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

ruby-rainbow — Rainbow is extension to ruby's String class adding support for colorizing text on ANSI terminal

https://rubygems.org/gems/rainbow/ || ruby-rainbow^包

python-blessings — A thin, practical wrapper around terminal coloring, styling, and positioning

https://pypi.python.org/pypi/blessings || python-blessings^包, python2-blessings^包^{[损坏的链接：package not found]}

Shells[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

Terminal emulators[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

Virtual console[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

本文或本章节的语言、语法或风格需要改进。参考：帮助:风格

原因：Lacks clarity on what "the colors" are, i.e. in #Virtual console they are about the representations of the 16 base colors (RGB values for yellow, red, blue, etc.), while in #Login screen they are about the base colors themselves. See also console_codes(4) and User:Isacdaavid/Linux_Console（在Talk:在终端输出彩色讨论）

The colors in the Linux virtual console—see console(4)^{[失效链接 2017-09-06]}—running on the framebuffer can be changed. This is done by writing the escape code \\e]PXRRGGBB, where X is the hexadecimal index of the color from 0-F, and RRGGBB is a traditional hexadecimal RGB code.

For example, to reuse existing colors defined in ~/.Xresources, add the following to the shell initialization file (such as ~/.bashrc):

if [ "$TERM" = "linux" ]; then
    _SEDCMD='s/.*\*color\([0-9]\{1,\}\).*#\([0-9a-fA-F]\{6\}\).*/\1 \2/p'
    for i in $(sed -n "$_SEDCMD" $HOME/.Xresources | awk '$1 < 16 {printf "\\e]P%X%s", $1, $2}'); do
        echo -en "$i"
    done
    clear
fi

Login screen[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

The below is a colored example of the virtual console login screen in /etc/issue. Create a backup of the original file with mv /etc/issue /etc/issue.bak as root, and create a new /etc/issue:

echo -e '\e[H\e[2J' > issue
echo -e '                                                            \e[1;30m| \e[34m\\s \\r' >> issue
echo -e '       \e[36;1m/\\\\                      \e[37m||     \e[36m| |                   \e[30m|' >> issue
echo -e '      \e[36m/  \\\\                     \e[37m||     \e[36m|     _               \e[30m| \e[32m\\t' >> issue
echo -e '     \e[1;36m/ \e[0;36m.. \e[1m\\\\   \e[37m//==\\\\\\\\ ||/= /==\\\\ ||/=\\\\  \e[36m| | |/ \\\\ |  | \\\\ /     \e[30m| \e[32m\\d' >> issue
echo -e '    \e[0;36m/ .  . \\\\  \e[37m||  || ||   |    ||  || \e[36m| | |  | |  |  X      \e[1;30m|' >> issue
echo -e '   \e[0;36m/  .  .  \\\\ \e[37m\\\\\\\\==/| ||   \\\\==/ ||  || \e[36m| | |  | \\\\_/| / \\\\     \e[1;30m| \e[31m\\U' >> issue
echo -e '  \e[0;36m/ ..    .. \\\\   \e[0;37mA simple, lightweight linux distribution.  \e[1;30m|' >> issue
echo -e ' \e[0;36m/_\x27        `_\\\\                                             \e[1;30m| \e[35m\\l \e[0mon \e[1;33m\\n' >> issue
echo -e ' \e[0m' >> issue
echo -e  >> issue

Save the file and make it executable with chmod +x /etc/issue.

X window system[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

Most Xorg terminals, including xterm and urxvt, support at least 16 basic colors. The colors 0-7 are the 'normal' colors. Colors 8-15 are their 'bright' counterparts, used for highlighting. These colors can be modified through X resources, or through specific terminal settings. For example:

~/.Xresources

! Black + DarkGrey
*color0:  #000000
*color8:  #555753
! DarkRed + Red
*color1:  #ff6565
*color9:  #ff8d8d
! DarkGreen + Green
*color2:  #93d44f
*color10: #c8e7a8
! DarkYellow + Yellow
*color3:  #eab93d
*color11: #ffc123
! DarkBlue + Blue
*color4:  #204a87
*color12: #3465a4
! DarkMagenta + Magenta
*color5:  #ce5c00
*color13: #f57900
!DarkCyan + Cyan (both not tango)
*color6:  #89b6e2
*color14: #46a4ff
! LightGrey + White
*color7:  #cccccc
*color15: #ffffff

警告： Color resources such as foreground and background can be read by other applications (such as emacs). This can be avoided by specifiying the class name, for example XTerm.foreground.

Display all 256 colors[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

Prints all 256 colors across the screen.

$ (x=`tput op` y=`printf %76s`;for i in {0..256};do o=00$i;echo -e ${o:${#o}-3:3} `tput setaf $i;tput setab $i`${y// /=}$x;done)

Display tput escape codes[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

本文或本章节可能需要合并到Bash/Prompt_customization。

附注： More context on tput is provided in that article（在 Talk:在终端输出彩色中讨论）

Replace tput op with whatever tput you want to trace. op is the default foreground and background color.

$ ( strace -s5000 -e write tput op 2>&2 2>&1 ) | tee -a /dev/stderr | grep -o '"[^"]*"'

033[\033[1;34m"\33[39;49m"\033[00m

Enumerate supported colors[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

The following command will let you discover all the terminals you have terminfo support for, and the number of colors each terminal supports. The possible values are: 8, 15, 16, 52, 64, 88 and 256.

$ for T in `find /usr/share/terminfo -type f -printf '%f '`;do echo "$T `tput -T $T colors`";done|sort -nk2

Eterm-88color 88
rxvt-88color 88
xterm+88color 88
xterm-88color 88
Eterm-256color 256
gnome-256color 256
konsole-256color 256
putty-256color 256
rxvt-256color 256
screen-256color 256
screen-256color-bce 256
screen-256color-bce-s 256
screen-256color-s 256
xterm+256color 256
xterm-256color 256

Enumerate terminal capabilities[编辑 | 编辑源代码]